Antegrade pampiniform plexus venography in recurrent varicocele: Case report and anatomy review

Figure 3 Direct percutaneous pampiniform venography performed under ultrasound guidance. A: Collateral flow into the saphenous (arrow) and femoral (arrowhead) venous system through the external pudendal vein (double arrowhead). Cross filling from right to left through the scrotal veins is also demonstrated (double arrow); B: Collateral flow to the saphenous vein (arrow) through the external pudendal vein (double arrowhead) and to the external iliac vein through the cremasteric/inferior epigastric vein (double arrow).