Current status of low dose multi-detector CT in the urinary tract

Table 4 Radiation dose and computed tomography scanning parameters of computed tomography urography using standard dose and low dose protocols

Authors	Yr	CT scanner	Acquisiton phase	kVp	mA (mAs)	Pitch	Effective dose (mSv)	Supplement
Standard CT urographic protocols
Caoili et al[26]	2002	4MDCT	Unenhanced	120	150-240	0.75	25-35
			Nephrographic		100-280	0.75
			Excretory		150-280	1.5
Nawfel et al[25]	2004	4MDCT	Unenhanced	120	(155-200)	1.0-1.25	6.4 ± 1.3
			Nephrographic		(155-200)	1.0-1.25	2.5 ± 0.34
			Excretory		(165-185)	0.65-1.0	5.9 ± 1.5
Low dose CT urographic protocols
Coppenrath et al[27]	2006	4MDCT	Excretory	90	(15-100)	0.875-1.75	0.78 (male)/1.08 (female)
		16MDCT		100	(17-100)	1-1.5	1.06-1.19 (male)
							0.76-0.86 (female)
Kemper et al[28]	2007	4MDCT	Excretory	120	(70)	1.25	2.7 (male)/4.1(female)
Yanaga et al[29]	2009	40MDCT	Excretory	80	(300)	0.781	2.9	Adaptive noise reduction filter
Kekelidze et al[30]	2010	16MDCT	Unenhanced	120	(55)	0.75	3.4	AEC
			Enhanced		(165)	1.25	9.8	Split-bolus technique

CT: Computed tomography; MDCT: Multi-detector row CT; AEC: Automatic exposure control; mSv: MiliSivert.