Traditional craniotomy versus current minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage: A propensity-matched analysis

Table 1 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent surgery, n (%)

Characteristic	Surgical procedures		P value	χ²/Z/t value
	Minimally invasive	Craniotomy
Mean age (years)	61.78 ± 10.87	56.27 ± 11.58	0.604	5.735
Age (years)
< 59.5	124 (22.3)	130 (23.3)	< 0.001	18.834
> 59.5	203 (36.4)	100 (18.0)
Sex
Female	131 (23.5)	82 (14.7)	0.292	1.111
Male	196 (35.2)	148 (26.6)
Admission Glasgow Coma Scale score
≤ 8	102 (18.3)	144 (25.9)	< 0.001	54.043
> 8	225 (40.4)	86 (15.4)
Left/right side
Left	158 (28.4)	108 (19.4)	0.751	0.100
Right	169 (30.3)	122 (21.9)
Deep cerebral hemorrhage	255 (45.8)	155 (27.8)	0.005	7.796
Systolic blood pressure on admission (mm Hg)	172.86 ± 26.40	175.73 ± 31.06	0.062	1.175
Smoking	112 (20.1)	91 (16.3)	0.199	1.646
Alcohol abuse	72 (12.9)	65 (11.7)	0.092	2.837
Hypertension	224 (40.2)	156 (28.0)	0.866	0.028
Coronary atherosclerosis	40 (7.2)	19 (3.4)	0.134	2.249
Diabetes	28 (5.0)	29 (5.2)	0.121	2.406
High blood fat disease	2 (0.4)	3 (0.5)	0.394	0.853
Lower extremity vein thrombosis	45 (8.1)	59 (10.6)	< 0.001	12.572
Lung infection	285 (51.2)	208 (37.3)	0.232	1.427
Pulmonary embolism	9 (1.6)	16 (2.9)	0.018	5.567
Intracranial infection	7 (1.3)	5 (0.9)	0.979	0.001
Postoperative cerebral infarction	14 (2.5)	33 (5.9)	< 0.001	17.71
Lower extremity pneumatic compression therapy	316 (56.7)	216 (38.8)	0.126	2.336
Heparin-like drug	22 (3.9)	52 (9.3)	< 0.001	29.56
Rivaroxaban	13 (2.3)	19 (3.4)	0.032	4.579
Hematoma volume (mL)
First quartile (< 28)	120 (21.5)	13 (2.3)	< 0.001	104.237
Quarter 2 (28-42)	87 (15.6)	50 (9.0)
Quarter 3 (42-64)	77 (13.8)	69 (12.4)
Quarter 4 (≥ 64)	43 (7.7)	98 (17.6)
Hematoma clearance rate	92 (90, 94)	87 (84, 89)	< 0.001	10.151
Admission d-dimer levels (mg/L)	1.30 (0.74, 2.74)	1.19 (0.53, 2.93)	0.072	14.252
Postoperative d-dimer mean levels, mg/L	3.17 (1.58, 6.78)	2.73 (1.39, 5.58)	0.009	2.601
Outcome
Favorable outcome	69.4 (227/327)	54.8 (126/230)	< 0.001	12.462
Unfavorable outcome	100 (18.0)	104 (18.7)
Survival within 1 year
Live	236 (42.4)	132 (23.7)	< 0.001	13.157
Dead	91 (16.3)	98 (17.6)