Renal resistive index measurements by ultrasound in patients with liver cirrhosis: Magnitude and associations with renal dysfunction

Table 2 Baseline clinical characteristics according to the type of acute kidney injury, n = 200

Parameter	PRA, n = 29	ATN-AKI, n = 18	HRS-AKI, n = 82	No-AKI, n = 71	aP value
Age in yr, mean ± SD	53.9 ± 10.1	43.3 ± 10.8	50.7 ± 11.3	46.8 ± 12.0	0.003
Sex as male/female	26/3	16/2	64/18	53/18	0.268
Etiology of cirrhosis: Alcohol/NAFLD/viral/others	15/9/4/1	14/1/2/1	25/21/25/11	24/18/17/12	0.012
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	4 (13.7)	1 (5.5)	5 (6.1)	7 (9.8)	0.568
GI bleed, n (%)	1 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.4)	55 (69.6)	< 0.001
Sepsis, n (%)	2 (6.9)	12 (66.6)	49 (59.7)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
Shock, n (%)	0 (0.0)	18 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
ACLF, n (%)	0 (0.0)	13 (72.2)	14 (17.0)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
CTP score, mean ± SD	9.83 ± 1.61	11.89 ± 1.08	10.44 ± 1.87	7.93 ± 2.08	< 0.001
MELD-Na score, mean ± SD	21.50 ± 5.54	29.60 ± 7.19	22.10 ± 7.10	17.70 ± 5.70	< 0.001
Stage of AKI: Stage 1/stage 2/stage 3	16/13/0	3/5/10	32/29/21	0/0/0	< 0.001
Ascites: No/diuretic responsive/refractory	1/26/2	0/7/11	0/34/48	46/23/2	< 0.001
Hemoglobin in g/dL, mean ± SD	7.78 ± 1.58	8.79 ± 2.27	8.87 ± 1.75	7.97 ± 2.54	0.010
Total leukocyte count as cells/mm3, mean ± SD	7410 ± 5750	13760 ± 6760	7290 ± 3990	5640 ± 3290	< 0.001
Platelet count as cells/mm3, mean ± SD	89700 ± 31600	97100 ± 27600	98000 ± 32700	98200 ± 38400	0.654
Bilirubin in mg/dL, mean ± SD	1.76 ± 1.13	10.11 ± 8.70	3.62 ± 3.35	2.20 ± 1.82	< 0.001
ALT in U/L, mean ± SD	40.5 ± 23.1	53.1 ± 24.6	57.1 ± 77.9	38.6 ± 28.9	0.078
AST in U/L, mean ± SD	64.3 ± 41.2	130.7 ± 59.1	109.4 ± 63.2	68.4 ± 66.9	< 0.001
INR, mean ± SD	1.64 ± 0.42	2.43 ± 0.66	1.83 ± 0.57	1.57 ± 0.45	< 0.001
Albumin, mean ± SD	2.80 ± 0.41	2.48 ± 0.34	2.62 ± 0.43	2.98 ± 0.47	< 0.001
Urea in mg/dL, mean ± SD	90.10 ± 20.24	33.40 ± 6.85	44.3 ± 29.68	44.0 ± 26.31	< 0.001
Creatinine in mg/dL on Day 1, mean ± SD	1.68 ± 0.191	0.911 ± 0.264	1.335 ± 0.778	0.940 ± 0.276	< 0.001
Creatinine in mg/dL on Day 3, mean ± SD	1.53 ± 0.315	3.10 ± 1.165	2.81 ± 1.537	0.975 ± 0.212	< 0.001
CRP in mg/L, mean ± SD	38.6 ± 28.1	42.2 ± 25.7	37.7 ± 32.7	23.4 ± 19.9	< 0.001
Serum sodium in mEq/L, mean ± SD	126 ± 23.52	128 ± 6.26	130 ± 6.66	133 ± 4.89	0.001
Serum potassium in mEq/L, mean ± SD	4.42 ± 0.611	4.35 ± 0.604	4.25 ± 0.668	4.14 ± 0.552	0.155
RRI, mean ± SD	0.63 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.02	0.73 ± 0.0	0.60 ± 0.07	< 0.001

^aP value: P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant between the groups. ACLF: Acute on chronic liver failure; AKI: Acute kidney injury; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ATN: Acute tubular necrosis; CRP: C-reactive protein; CTP: Child Turcotte Pugh; GI: Gastrointestinal; HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome; INR: International normalized ratio; MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease-sodium; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PRA: Prerenal AKI; RRI: Renal resistive index; SD: Standard deviation.