Unmasking lower gastrointestinal bleeding under administration of norepinephrine

Figure 3 Angiographic procedure in case 4. A: The ileocolic artery after application of 10 µg of norepinephrine is shown; no sign of extravasation; B: Selective view of the superior mesenteric artery, showing bleeding next to the hemoclip after repeated administration of a cumulative dose of 20 µg of norepinephrine; C: Arterial vasospasm was observed during an ongoing extravasation in the cecum; D: Following extensive embolization, no further bleeding was seen after a cumulative dose of 30 µg of norepinephrine.