Optimized cardiac magnetic resonance imaging inversion recovery sequence for metal artifact reduction and accurate myocardial scar assessment in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Figure 4 Effects of the inversion recovery frequency offset on myocardial nulling. A: Conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) showing a metal hyperintensity artifact (white arrow), despite perfect myocardium nulling elsewhere (red arrow); B-F: LGE with wideband inversion recovery (IR). All cases have bandwidth (BW) = 2000 Hz, but different frequency offsets. Note the optimal myocardial nulling in all cases (red arrows in B-D) due to using the small IR BW. However, a too large frequency offset (E and F) results in reappearance of the hyperintensity artifacts that affect most of the myocardial tissues.