Optimized cardiac magnetic resonance imaging inversion recovery sequence for metal artifact reduction and accurate myocardial scar assessment in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Figure 3 Effect of the inversion recovery bandwidth on myocardial nulling. A: Conventional late gadolinium enhancement showing a metal hyperintensity artifact (white arrow) mimicking an anterior scar, despite perfect myocardium nulling elsewhere (red arrow); B-D: Using wideband inversion recovery (IR) with different bandwidth (BW). Note that reducing the BW results in improved myocardial nulling (red arrows: the blood-myocardium contrast-to-noise ratio was 20.8, 13.2, 17.1, and 20.1 for conventional IR, and wideband IR with 6000 Hz, 4000 Hz, and 2000 Hz BW, respectively); however, too small BW (< 2000 Hz in this case) results in reappearance of the hyperintensity artifact, similar to that shown in (A).