Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging assessment of outcomes in acute myocardial infarction

Table 17 Key studies illustrating the independent predictive value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance markers for prognosis

CMR marker	Ref.	Year	n	CMR quantification	Main findings	Acute CMR time	Follow-up
IS	Husser et al[96]	2013	250	> 2SD	Extent of transmural infarction was only IP for MACE	7 d	163 wk
IS	Izquierdo et al[97]	2013	440	> 2SD	IS was IP for arrhythmic cardiac events in model including LVEF, hypertension	7 d	123 wk
IS	Eitel et al[34]	2011	208	> 5SD	IS was IP of MACE in model with MVO, LVEF, MSI, Killip, TIMI flow post-PPCI	3 d	18.5 mo
IS	Larose et al[67]	2010	103	FWHM	IS strongest IP for MACE in model with LVEF, CK. LGE > 23% for MACE	4.5 h	2 yr
IS	Bodi et al[38]	2009	214	> 2SD	Extent of transmural infarction (no. of segments > 50% transmurality) IP for MACE	7 d	553 d
IS	Wu et al[99]	2008	122	Manual	IS only IP of 2 yr MACE in model containing LVEF, LVESVI (HR 1.06)	2 d	538 d
L-MVO	Regenfus et al[117]	2015	249	Manual	MVO extent strongest IP for MACE in model with IS, LVEF, TIMI and no. vessels	3.7 d	72 mo
L-MVO	Eitel et al[119]	2014	738	> 5SD	L-MVO > 1.4% LVM IP of MACE in model with LVEDVI, LVEF, clinical markers	7 d	6 mo
L-MVO	de Waha et al[120]	2012	438	Manual	L-MVO extent IP for MACE in model with IS, LV volumes. L-MVO/IS strongest IP	3 d	19 mo
L-MVO	de Waha et al[36]	2010	438	Manual	L-MVO strongest IP of MACE/mortality in model with IS, LVEF, STR, TIMI post	3 d	19 mo
L-MVO	Cochet et al[37]	2009	184	Manual	L-MVO strongest IP for MACE in model with GRACE, IS, LVEF. E-MVO weaker IP	“3-7 d”	12 mo
L-MVO	Bruder et al[116]	2008	143	Manual	L-MVO extent > 0.5% LV mass IP for MACE in model with IS, LVEF, age, DM, sex	4.5 d	12 mo
L-MVO	Hombach et al[6]	2005	110	Manual	L-MVO IP for MACE (P = 0.04) in model with LV end-diastolic volume and LVEF	6 d	268 d
IMH	Carrick et al[74]	2016	245	T2*	IMH strongest IP of CV death and HF. Multivariate model, L-MVO not predictor	3 d	830 d
IMH	Amabile et al[133]	2012	114	T2w-TSE	IMH presence was strongest predictor of MACE in model with MVO, LVEF, STR	4 d	12 mo
IMH	Husser et al[33]	2012	304	T2w-TSE	IMH IP for MACE in model with AAR, IS, L-MVO. T2w. No inc. value with LGE	6 d	140 wk
IMH	Eitel et al[125]	2011	346	T2w-TSE	IMH IP of MACE in model with L-MVO. T2w inc. value with LGE and cine	3 d	6 mo
MSI	Eitel et al[34]	2011	208	> 2SD/> 5SD	MSI only CMR IP of mortality in model with age, IS, MVO, LVEF, TIMI post, IS	3 d	19 mo
MSI	Eitel et al[161]	2010	208	> 2SD/> 5SD	MSI only IP for MACE/mortality in model with LVEF, MVO, IS, STR, TIMI post	3 d	6 mo
T1	Carrick et al[177]	2016	300	T1 map, > 2SD STIR, > 5SD	Infarct core T1 inverse association with risk of mortality and heart failure hospitalisation, in model with LVEF, infarct T2, IMH. Similar prognostic as L-MVO	2 d	2.5 yr

Criteria: Individual studies with n≥ 100 and follow-up CMR ≥ 6 mo follow-up. IS: Infarct size; L-MVO: Late microvascular obstruction; IMH: Intramyocardial haemorrhage; MSI: Myocardial salvage index; SD: Standard deviations; STIR: T2-weighted short-tau inversion recovery; LGE: Late gadolinium enhancement; IP: Independent predictor; LV: Left ventricular; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; AAR: Area at risk; LVEDVI: Left ventricular end-diastolic volume; CK: Creatine kinase; T2w-TSE: T2-weighted turbo spin echo; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; CV: Cardiovascular.