Intra-cardiac distribution of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac sarcoidosis and dilated cardiomyopathy

Table 4 Reports for patterns of late gadolinium enhancement distribution and clinical relevance of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac sarcoidosis

Ref.	Patients	LE distribution		Clinical relevance
		Intra-cardiac	Intra-mural
Smedema et al[8]	12 CS	Mostly basal and lateral LV wall	Any	Diagnostic
Matoh et al[13]	5 sCS	Mid ventricular septum	Midwall to subepicardial	Correlations between LE area and LVEDV, LVESV and LVEF
Ichinose et al[10]	10 CS	Any, but mostly basal LV wall	Any, but mainly subepicardial	Correlations between sum of LE score and BNP, LVEF, LVEDV
Manis et al[26]	11 CS	Ventricular septum	Patchy	Diagnostic
Patel et al[5]	21sCS	Any, but mainly basal ventricular septum, rarely RV wall	CAD; subendo-cardial non-CAD; mid wall, subepi-cardial, patchy	Higher rate of adverse events and cardiac death
Watanabe et al[27]	19 CS	NA	Subepicardial, transmural	Correlations between total LE segments, and reduced LV function and duration of extra-cardiac lesions
Greulich et al[28]	39 sCS	Any, but mainly ventricular septum (RV side)	Patchy, intramural to transmural	Higher Hazard ratio for MACE than other clinical parameters
Yang et al[29]	6 sCS	Ventricular septum, LV free wall, papillary muscle	Patchy	Decreased T2 (inactive phase)
Pöyjönen et al[30]	8 CS	Basal ventricular septum	Multifocal	Diagnostic
Tezuka et al[25]	9 sCS and 4 iCS	Any, but mainly anterior ventricular septum	Any, but mainly subepicardial	No difference between sCS and iCS in LE distribution and clinical features

BNP: Serum brain natriuretic peptide level; CAD: Coronary arterial disease type; CS: Cardiac sarcoidosis; iCS: Isolated CS; LV/RV: Left/right ventricles; LVEDV/ESV: LV end-diastolic/systolic volume; LVEF: LV ejection fractionl; MACE: Major adverse cardiac events; NA: Not available; sCS: Cardiac involvement of systemic sarcoidosis.