Acquired aortocameral fistula occurring late after infective endocarditis: An emblematic case and review of 38 reported cases

Table 2 Etiology of aortocameral fistulas

Etiology	Condition/references
Congenital	Congenital RCS-RA fistula[1] and aortic isthmus-RA fistula[46]
Acquired-iatrogenic (post-surgical and non-surgical intervention/infectious/diagnostic procedures)	Iatrogenic aorta-right atrial fistula: late (14 years) post-surgical repair of VSD and ASD[45]
	Post-corrective surgery of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm[21]
	Post-CABG[23,48]
	Post-AVR[3,8]
	Post-MVR[23]
	Post-ARR, after operating on a type A dissection[20,47]
	Following ASO closure of the secundum ASDII[30]
	NVE[10], RCS/NCS-right atrial fistula (current case) secondary to NVE
	PVE[5,15]
	ACF associated with diagnostic cardiac catheterization (NCS-RAA)[4]
Acquired-accidental/traumatic	ACF post-non-penetrating thoracic injury[49] has been reported
Spontaneous	RSVA[27]
	Rupture of ascending aorta aneurysm[18]

ACF: Aortocameral fistula; ARR: Aortic root replacement; ASD: Atrial septal defect; ASO: Amplatzer atrial septal occlude; AVR: Aortic valve replacement; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; MVR: Mitral valve replacement; NCS: Non-coronary sinus; NVE: Native valve endocarditis; PVE: Prosthetic valve endocarditis; RA: Right atrium; RAA: Right atrial appendage; RCS: Right coronary sinus; RSVA: Ruptured sinus Valsalva aneurysm; VSD: Ventricular septal defect.