Renal sympathetic denervation in therapy resistant hypertension - pathophysiological aspects and predictors for treatment success

Table 1 Effects of renal sympathetic denervation

Ref.	Year	n (RDN/control)	Effector	Effect	Control
Ott et al[15]	2013	19/-	Renal blood flow	None	None
Pöss et al[19]	2015	137/-	Renal sodium excretion	Increased sodium excretion, less pronounced in responders	None
Mahfoud et al[24] Doltra et al[25] McLellan et al[26] Lu et al[27]	2014 2014 2015 2016	55/17 5/23 14/- 139/-	Left ventricular mass	Reduced left ventricular mass after RDN	Medical therapy Medical therapy None Meta-analysis
McLellan et al[26]	2015	14/-	Atrial conduction	Improved atrial conduction after RDN	None
Qiu et al[31]	2016	21/-	Persistent atrial fibrillation	Reduced heart rate after RDN	None
Armaganijan et al[36]	2015	10/-	Ventricular arrhythmia	Reduced frequency of ventricular arrhythmia episodes	None
Ott et al[15] Brandt et al[38] Mortensen et al[39] Hering et al[40] Okon et al[41]	2013 2012 2012 2013 2016	19/- 110/10 21/- 40/10 23/-	Central hemo-dynamics	Reduced central BP and augmentation index after RDN Reduced aortic pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index Reduced augmentation index Unchanged invasive pulse wave velocity after RDN	None Medical None Medical None
Donazzan et al[51] van Brussel et al[52] Tsioufis et al[53] Vink et al[55] Brinkmann et al[56] Hering et al[57] Dörr et al[58,59]	2015 2016 2014 2014 2012 2013 2015 2015	11/- 21/- 14/- 13/- 12/- 10/25 150/- 100/-	Sympathetic activity	Reduced cardiac sympathetic activity after RDN Unchanged cardiac sympathetic activity after RDN Reduced heart rate and arrhythmia burden and improved heart rate variability after RDN Unchanged muscle sympathetic nervous activity after RDN Reduced muscle sympathetic nervous activity after RDN Reduced Neuropeptide Y and transiently reduced brain derived neutrophic factor after RDN	None None None None None Medical None
Dörr et al[63]	2015	60/-	Inflammation	Reduced systemic inflammation after RDN	None
Mahfoud et al[65] Verloop et al[66]	2011 2015	37/13 29/-	Insulin sensitivity	Improved insulin sensitivity after RDN Unchanged insulin sensitivity	Medical None
Ewen et al[71] Ukena et al[69] Fengler et al[70]	2014 2011 2016	50/10 37/9 22/26	Exercise testing	Reduced Exercise BP after RDN	Medical Medical Sham
Lenski et al[72]	2013	36	Orthostatic reaction	None	None

BP: Blood pressure; RDN: Renal sympathetic denervation.