Takotsubo syndrome: Advances in the understanding and management of an enigmatic stress cardiomyopathy

Table 1 Epidemiological and clinical features of takotsubo cardiomyopathy

	Tsuchihashi et al[15]	Núñez et al[14]	Kurowski et al[13]	Eshtehardi et al[16]	Parodi et al[11]	Ahmed et al[17]	Templin et al[18]
Country	Japan	Spain	Germany	Swiss	Italy	United States	Europe and United States
Year of publication	2001	2015	2007	2009	2007	2013	2015
Subjects, n	88	202	35	41	36	620 (systematic review)	1750 (international registry)
Age (yr)	67 ± 13	70 ± 12.5	72 ± 9	65 ± 11	75 ± 7	67	66.8 ± 13
In percentage (%)
Reported incidence1	---	1.2	1.2	1.7	2	---	---
Women	86	90	94	85	1006	91	89.8
Hypertension	48	67	74	56	50	---	65
Diabetes	12	15	23	5	5.5	---	14
Hyperlipidemia	24	41	34	39	39	---	31
Current smoking	---	15	20	27	19	---	20
Apical type	1003	---	60	---	---	---	81.7
Emotional/psychological trigger	20	50	43	46	---	41	27.7
Physical (acute diseases, exercise, surgery and medical procedures) trigger	53	20	43	17	---	45	36
No identified triggering factor	26	27	14	37	28	14	28.5
Chest pain	67	80	---	76	1002	54	76
Dyspnea	7	45	---	24	---	26	47
Syncope	---	9	---	---	---	---	7.7
ST segment elevation	90	62	69	39	1002	39	43.7
T wave inversion	97	94.4	---	46	---	31	415
In hospital mortality	1	2.44	9	0	---	4	4.1
Long term mortality from all causes	---	---	8.6 (at 12 mo)	2 (23 ± 10 mo)	3 (at 6 mo)	---	5.6 (per patient-year)
Recurrences	2.7	0	6	5	---	---	1.8 (per patient-year)

¹Incidence is based on patients with acute coronary syndrome;

²This case series included only patients with chest pain and ST segment elevation;

³Included only the typical form (apical ballooning);

⁴All from noncardiac causes;

⁵On admission;

⁶Only included women.