Micromanaging cardiac regeneration: Targeted delivery of microRNAs for cardiac repair and regeneration

Figure 1 Schematic of factors involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation in embryology, embryonic stem cell/induced-pluripotent stem cells and cardiac fibroblast reprogramming. Factors that influence the progression through the five steps in cardiomyocyte differentiation and maturation: mesoderm differentiation, mesoderm specification, cardiac specification, cardiomyocyte differentiation and cardiomyocyte maturation in: A: Embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation; B: Cardiomyocyte differentiation from ESC and iPSC using exogenous (growth) factors; C: In direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Transcription factors associated with each of the seven cell types during cardiomyocyte differentiation are presented in the boxes below. ESC: Embryonic stem cell; iPSC: Induced-pluripotent stem cells.