Cardiac biomarkers in pediatric heart disease: A state of art review

Table 1 Overview of cardiac biomarkers and their physiologic actions

Name of biomarker	Mechanism of action	Primary effect	Available evidence
BNP/NT-ProBNP	Activates the intracellular Guanylyl cyclase-A moieties after binding to the NPR types A, B and C	Increases diuresis, natriuresis and vasorelaxation Anti-proliferative and anti-hypertrophic properties	[4]
ST2	After binding to its TL/IL-1 receptor like family, interacts with IL-33	Anti-proliferative and anti-hypertrophic properties	[3]
CTGF	Unknown	Deposition of extracellullar matrix	[43]
h-FABP	Participate in the uptake, intracellular metabolism and transport of fatty acids	Modulation of cell growth and proliferation	[48]
Pro-adrenomedullin	Releasing nitric oxide from the endothelium Inhibit nicotinic agonist-induced catecholamine secretion and synthesis and nicotinic agonist-induced Na+ and Ca2+ influx	Regulation of hormonal secretion Angiogenesis proliferation Vasodilation	[50]
GDF-15	Unknown	Deposition of extracellullar matrix	[55]

ST2: Suppression of tumorigenicity-2; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor; h-FABP: Serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal segment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; GDF: Growth differentiation factor.