Randomized controlled trial of remote ischemic preconditioning and atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Table 2 Baseline characteristics between control group and remote ischemic preconditioning group

Characteristic	Control (n = 51)	RIPC (n = 51)	P
Demographics
Mean age (± SD)	68.9 (± 9.8)	69.4 (± 9.9)	0.77
Male % (n)	62.8 (32)	76.5 (39)	0.20
Caucasian % (n)	88.2 (45)	90.2 (46)	1.00
Mean BMI (± SD)	30.4 (± 7.6)	28.4 (± 5.2)	0.13
Co-morbidities
Diabetes mellitus % (n)	39.2 (20)	62.7 (32)	0.029
Hypertension % (n)	84.3 (43)	82.4 (42)	1.00
Dyslipidemia % (n)	90.2 (46)	90.2 (46)	1.00
Heart failure % (n)	21.6 (11)	23.5 (12)	1.00
Atrial fibrillation % (n)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	NA
AICD % (n)	0.0 (0)	2.0 (1)	1.00
CVA % (n)	3.9 (2)	5.9 (3)	1.00
TIA % (n)	2.0 (1)	7.8 (4)	0.36
PAD % (n)	9.8 (5)	21.6 (11)	0.17
CKD % (n)	23.5 (12)	23.5 (12)	1.00
Dialysis % (n)	2.0 (1)	2.0 (1)	1.00
Mean creatinine (± SD)	1.2 (± 1.1)	1.2 (± 0.7)	0.89
COPD % (n)	5.9 (3)	0.0 (0)	0.24
Tobacco use % (n)	17.6 (9)	27.5 (14)	0.34

AICD: Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; PAD: Peripheral arterial disease; RIPC: Remote ischemic preconditioning.