Population-level differences in revascularization treatment and outcomes among various United States subpopulations

Table 1 Summary of current minority disparities related to cardiovascular disease[13]

Total CVD prevalence and total CVD mortality are higher in females than in males

Black males have higher prevalence than white males (44.4% vs 36.6%) and higher mortality (369.2/100000 vs 278.4/100000)

Black females have higher prevalence than white females (48.9% vs 32.4%) and higher mortality (260.5/100000 vs 192.2/100000)

Mexican American males have lower prevalence than white males (33.4% vs 36.6%)

Mexican American females have lower prevalence than white females (30.7% vs 32.4%)

The prevalence of having ≥ 2 risk factors is highest among blacks (48.7%), followed by AI/AN (46.7%), and lowest among Asians (25.9%). The prevalence is similar among men (37.8%) and women (36.4%)

The prevalence of having ≥ 2 risk factors is lower among college graduates (25.9%) than among those with less than a high school diploma (52.5%); a similar disparity in prevalence of risk factors is seen among those making ≥ $50000/yr (28.8%) vs those making < $10000/yr (52.5%)

Among older Americans (≥ 65 yr), hypertension is more prevalent in women than in men (57% vs 54%) and women have a significantly lower rate of hypertension control

Hypertension increased from 1988 through 2002 in both blacks and whites: From 35.8% to 41.4% in blacks (44.0% among black females) and from 24.3% to 28.1% in whites

Blacks develop hypertension earlier in life and have higher average blood pressures. As a result, blacks have a non-fatal stroke rate 1.3 times that of whites and a fatal stroke rate 1.8 times that of whites. Blacks also have a rate of death attributable to hypertension 1.5 times greater than that of whites and a 4.2-times-higher rate of end-stage kidney disease

Black and Mexican American males have higher mean LDL levels than white males (blacks, 115.9 mg/dL; Mexican Americans, 119.7 mg/dL; whites, 115.1 mg/dL); both black and Mexican American females have lower mean LDL levels than white females (blacks, 114.2 mg/dL; Mexican Americans, 115.0 mg/dL; whites 115.7 mg/dL)

Among men, non-Hispanic blacks (38%) and Mexican Americans (36%) are more likely than non-Hispanic whites (34%) to be obese. Among women, non- Hispanic blacks (54%) and Mexican Americans (45%) are more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic whites (33%)

The prevalence of physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus in adults > 20 yr is highest in non-Hispanic blacks (12.6%) followed by Hispanics (11.8%), Asian Americans (8.4%), and non-Hispanic whites (7.1%). The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adult Asian Indians is more than twice as high (14%) as that in Chinese (6%) or Japanese (5%) Americans. Death rates per 100000 attributable to diabetes mellitus are 23.1 for white males, 43.6 for black males, 15.6 for white females, and 35.1 for black females

The age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes in AI/AN adults aged < 35 yr rose from 8.5% to 17.1% between 1994 and 2004; the rate was higher in females in all age groups

LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; AI/AN: American Indians/Alaska Natives.