Adipose tissue-derived stem cells as a therapeutic tool for cardiovascular disease

Table 1 Differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in vitro

Cell type	Expression of VEC markers	Expression of VSMC markers	Expression of cardiomyocyte markers	Production of paracrine factors	Ref.
Human fADSCs	CD31, vWF	NE	NE	NE	Miranville et al[30]
Human cADSCs	CD31, vWF	NE	NE	NE	Planat-Benard et al[31]
Human cADSCs	NE	SMA, calponin, caldesmon, myosin heavy chain, SM22α	NE	NE	Rodríguez et al[32]
Human cADSCs	NE	SMA, calponin, SM22α	NE	NE	Jeon et al[33]
Rabbit cADSCs	NE	NE	Myosin heavy chain, sarcomeric α-actinin, troponin I	NE	Rangappa et al[34]
Human cADSCs	NE	NE	Sarcomeric α-actinin, desmin, cardiac troponin	NE	Gaustad et al[35]
Murine fADSCs	NE	NE	GATA-4, Nkx2.5	NE	Planat-Bénard et al[36]
Human cADSCs	NE	NE	NE	VEGF, HGF, TGF-β	Rehman et al[44]
Murine cADSCs	ND	ND	NE	VEGF, HGF	Nakagami et al[45]
Human cADSCs	NE	NE	NE	VEGF, IGF-1	Sadat et al[46]

NE: Not examined; ND: Not detected; ADSCs: Adipose tissue-derived stem cells; VEC: Vascular endothelial cell; TGF: Transforming growth factor; VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; vWF: von Willebrand factor.