Bone morphogenetic protein-4 and transforming growth factor-beta1 mechanisms in acute valvular response to supra-physiologic hemodynamic stresses

Figure 3 Transforming growth factor-beta1 and bone morphogenic protein-4 immunoblotting. Tissue exposed for 48 h to: (A) physiologic fluid shear stress (FSS), (B) supra-physiologic FSS magnitude, and (C) supra-physiologic FSS frequency standard medium and medium supplemented with BMP-4 [+(BMP-4)], noggin [-(BMP-4)], TGF-β1 [+(TGF-β1)] or SB-431542 [-(TGF-β1)] (^aP < 0.05 vs fresh control). TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-beta1; BMP-4: Bone morphogenic protein-4.