Predicting mortality in patients with acute heart failure: Role of risk scores

Table 2 Variables used in the risk score models

Risk score	Variables
ADHERE[15]	BUN, creatinine, SBP
AHFI[16]	Gender, CAD, diabetes, lung disease, SBP, HR, respiratory rate, temperature, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, white blood cell count, acute myocardial infarction o myocardial ischemia at ECG, pulmonary congestion or pleural effusion on radiographic examination
OPTIMIZE-HF[19]	Creatinine, sodium, age, HR, liver disease, previous CVA/TIA, peripheral vascular disease, race, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, COPD, SBP, previous HF hospitalization
GWTG-HF[20]	Older age, low SBP, elevated heart rate, presence of COPD, and non-black race
EHMRG[21]	HR, creatinine, systolic blood pressure initial oxygen saturation, serum troponin
PROTECT[23]	BUN, respiratory rate, HR, albumin, cholesterol, diabetes, previous HF hospitalization
EFFECT[24]	Age, SBP, BUN, sodium concentration, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, COPD, hepatic cirrhosis, cancer, hemoglobin
OPTIME-CHF[25]	Age, BUN, SBP, sodium, NYHA class
OPTIMIZE–HF[26]	Age, weight, SBP, serum creatinine, history of liver disease, history of depression history of reactive airway disease
APACHE-HF[27]	Mean blood pressure, HR, serum sodium, serum potassium, creatinine, haematocrit, Glasgow coma scale, age
ELAN[28]	NT-proBNP at discharge, NT-proBNP reduction, age, peripheral oedema, SBP, sodium, serum urea, NYHA class
ADHF/NT-proBNP risk score[29]	COPD, SBP, eGFR, serum sodium, hemoglobin, NT-proBNP; left ventricular ejection fraction, tricuspid regurgitation
ESCAPE[30]	Age, BUN, six-minute walk test, sodium, CPR/mechanical ventilation, diuretic dose at discharge, no-blocker at discharge, BNP

BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; CAD: Coronary heart disease; HR: Heart rate; CVA: Cerebral vascular accident; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP: N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide; ADHERE: Acute decompensated heart failure national registry; AHFI: Acute heart failure index; OPTIME-CHF: Outcomes of a prospective trial of intravenous milrinone for exacerbations of chronic heart failure; EHMRG: Emergency heart failure mortality risk grade; EFFECT: Enhanced feedback for effective cardiac treatment; OPTIMIZE-HF: Organized program to initiate lifesaving treatment in hospitalized patients with heart failure; PROTECT: Placebo-controlled randomized study of the selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist rolofylline for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure and volume overload to assess treatment effect on congestion and renal function; GWTG-HF: Get with the guidelines-heart failure; APACHE-HF: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation in heart failure; ADHF/NT-proBNP: Acutely decompensated heart failure n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; ESCAPE: Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness; ECG: Electrocardiogram; TIA: Transient ischemic attack; ELAN: European collaboration on acute decompensated heart failure.