Copyright
©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Cardiol. Nov 26, 2015; 7(11): 742-753
Published online Nov 26, 2015. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i11.742
Published online Nov 26, 2015. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i11.742
Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors associated with arterial stiffness
Age[7] |
Sex[110] |
Established cardiovascular disease[3] |
Potential risk factors for atherosclerosis |
Hypertension[11] |
Dyslipidemia[2] |
Cigarette smoking[63] |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[111] |
Diabetes[14] |
Obesity[3] |
Obstructive sleep apnea[106] |
Menopause[110] |
Polycystic ovarian syndrome[112] |
Hypothyroidism[113] |
Chronic kidney disease[23] |
Endothelial dysfunction[27] |
Systemic inflammation[99] |
Cytomegalovirus infection[114] |
Nutritional and lifestyle aspects |
Caffeine[115] |
Chronic alcohol consumption[116] |
Sedentary lifestyle[58] |
Resistance exercise training[61] |
Genes variants |
Genes of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system[33] |
Genes of the extracellular matrix proteins[33] |
- Citation: Wu CF, Liu PY, Wu TJ, Hung Y, Yang SP, Lin GM. Therapeutic modification of arterial stiffness: An update and comprehensive review. World J Cardiol 2015; 7(11): 742-753
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v7/i11/742.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v7.i11.742