Translational research of adult stem cell therapy

Table 2 Alternative strategies of stem cell therapy

Enhancement of cell survival, mobilization and paracrine secretion

Pharmacology (Statins, etc.)

Genetic modification (Akt and Ang1, VEGF and SDF-1, HO-1, bFGF/IGF-1/BMP2)

Preconditioning (Hypoxia, TLR3 stimulation)

Combination of different cell types or delivery approaches

MSCs and CSCs

Stop-flow (infarct area) and global intracoronary infusion (viable area)

Others

Cell infusion immediate after revascularization (allogeneic MSCs, CDCs, etc.)

Repeated cell infusion

Stimulation of exosome release

Direct exosome (or microRNAs) injection

Cell therapy in hypertrophied myocardium or dysfunction due to congenital heart disease

MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; CSCs: Cardiac stem cells; CDCs: Cardiosphere-derived cells; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; SDF: Stromal cell-derived factor; bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein 2; HO-1: Heme-oxygenase 1; Ang1: Angiopoietin 1.