Cardioprotection by remote ischemic conditioning: Mechanisms and clinical evidences

Table 1 Clinical studies on remote ischemic conditioning in percutaneous coronary intervention

Ref.	Patients n (CTRLS/RIPC)	ST or LT outcome	Conditioning protocol			Primary endpoint	Results
			I/R cycles	Cuff pressure	Limb		RIPC	CTRLS	P
Remote ischemic preconditioning
Prasad et al[73], 2013	48/47	ST	3 × 3’	200 mmHg	Upper	Post-PCI myonecrosis (cTnT ≥ 0.03 ng/dL)	40%	47%	0.42
Ahmed et al[76], 2013	72/77	ST	3 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	cTnT 16 h post-PCI	0.02 ng/mL	0.047 ng/mL	0.047
Ghaemian et al[77], 2010	40/40	ST	2 × 5’	Above systolic	Lower	TnT 24 h post-PCI	12.50%	40%	0.01
Hoole et al[74], 2009	117/125	ST	3 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	cTnI 24 h post-PCI	0.06 ng/mL	0.16 ng/mL	0.04
Luo e et al[78], 2013	104/101	ST	3 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	hs-cTnI 16 h post-PCI	0.11 ng/mL	0.21 ng/mL	< 0.01
Xu et al[79], 2014	98/102	ST	3 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	hs-cTnI 16 h post-PCI	0.29 ng/mL	0.38 ng/mL	0.256
Davies et al[75], 2013	117/125	LT	3 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	MACCE (6 yr follow up)	23	36	0.039
Bøtker et al[81], 2010	167/166	ST	4 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	MSI after 30 d	0.75	0.55	0.033
Sloth et al[82], 2014	167/166	LT	4 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	MACCE rates (5 yr follow-up)	25.60%	13.50%	0.018
Carrasco-Chinchilla et al[83], 2013	114/118	ST	3 × 5’	200 mmHg	Upper	TnI 24 h post-PCI	0.476 ng/mL	0.478 ng/mL	0.378

cTnI: Cardiac troponin I; cTnT: Cardiac Tro-ponin T; CTRLS: Controls; hs-cTnT: High sensitivity cardiac troponin T; I/R: Ische-mia/reperfusion; MACCE: Major adverse cardiac and cerebral events; RIPC: Remote ischemic preconditioning; ST: Short term; LT: Long term.