Relationship between vascular endothelium and periodontal disease in atherosclerotic lesions: Review article

Table 1 Summary of the involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules	Cells involved	Atherogenic effect
C-reactive protein	Adhesion molecules and endothelial cells	Stimulates production of adhesion molecules and chemokines by endothelial cells[14]
Fibrinogen	Platelet, adhesion molecules and smooth muscle	Activates platelet aggregation and promotes the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle[14]
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha	Monocytes, neutrophils and endothelial cells	Activates monocytes, neutrophils and endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules[14]
Interleukin-6	Epithelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages/monocytes	Is involved in promoting coagulation, which result in the development of atherosclerosis[14]
Interleukin-1β	Macrophages/monocytes	Impedes fibrinolysis, facilitates coagulation and thrombosis[14]
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1	Endothelial cells	Suggested as potential candidate markers of endothelial dysfunction[19]
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules	Endothelial cells Endothelial cells	Implicated in leukocyte recruitment and migration into the vessel wall[19] Migration of monocytes down into the subendothelial space[16]