miRNome in myocardial infarction: Future directions and perspective

Table 1 miRNAs with suggested role in experimental models of myocardial infarction and in myocardial infarction in humans

miRNA	Role/function	Expression in MI	Target genes	Species	Ref.
miR-1	After heat-shock up, protective against I/R	Nd	Repressing pro-apoptotic and up-regulating anti-apoptotic genes	Mouse	[40]
	Nd	Down	Nd	Mouse	[59]
	Pro-apoptotic	Up	IGF1	Rat	[45]
	Pro-arrhythmogenic	Up	Ion channels: Cx43, Kir2.1	Rat	[46]
	Predictive	Down, up	Predictive	Human	[55,56]
miR-15b	Anti-angiogenic	Down	Suggested VEGF and Ang2	Endothelial cells	[30]
miR-21	H2O2 induced cell injury	Up	PDCD4	Cardiomyocytes	[29]
	After heat-shock up, protective against I/R	Nd	Repressing pro-apoptotic and up-regulating anti-apoptotic genes	Mouse	[40]
	Response to I/R	Up in cardiac fibroblasts	PTEN	Mouse	[23]
	Anti-apoptotic	Down, up	PDCD4	Rat	[47]
	Pro-arrhythmogenic	Up	Sprouty-1, collagen I, collagen III	Rat	[48]
miR-24	Anti-fibrotic	Down	Furin	Mouse	[35]
	Anti-angiogenic, induce endothelial cell apoptosis	Down in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, up in endothelial cells	GATA2, PAK4 eNOS	Mouse Mouse	[36] [37]
	After heat-shock up, protective against I/R	Nd	Repressing pro-apoptotic and up-regulating anti-apoptotic genes	Mouse	[40]
miR-29 family	Anti-fibrotic	Down	Proteins involved in fibrosis (COL1A1-2, COL3A1, FBN1, ELN)	Mouse, human	[34]
miR-29b	Anti-fibrotic	Down	Proteins involved in fibrosis (COL1A1, COL3A1, αSMA)	Rat	[52]
miR-34a	Pro-apoptotic	Up	ALDH2	Rat	[49]
miR-92a	Anti-angiogenic	Up	ITGA5	Mouse	[38]
miR-101a/b	Anti-fibrotic	Down	c-Fos	Rat	[50]
miR-106b	Anti-apoptotic	Up	p21	Cardiomyocytes	[30]
miR-133a	Nd	Down	Nd	Mouse	[59]
	Predictive	Down	Predictive	Human	[55,56]
miR-133b	Predictive	Down	Predictive	Human	[55,56]
miR-146a	Predictive: inflammation and VR	Up	Predictive	Human	[57]
miR-150	Predictive: inflammation and VR	Down	Predictive	Human	[57]
miR-155	Predictive: inflammation and VR	Down	Predictive	Human	[57]
miR-206	Pro-apoptotic	Up	IGF1	Rat	[45]
miR-208a	Nd	Down	Nd	Mouse	[59]
	Predictive	Up	Predictive	Human	[55]
miR-320	Pro-apoptotic	Down	HSP20	Mouse	[41]
miR-494	Activation of Akt pathway	Down	Pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins (PTEN, ROCK1, CaMKII; FGFR2, LIF)	Mouse	[42]
miR-499	Nd	Down	Nd	Mouse	[59]
miR-711	Involved in anti-fibrotic effect of pioglitazone	Down	SP1	Rat	[51]
miR-874	Regulated by Foxo3a in necrosis	Up	Caspase 8	Mouse	[39]

I/R: Ischemia/reperfusion; MI: Myocardial infarction; Nd: Not determinate; VR: Ventricular rupture.