Stem cell mechanisms during left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction: Repair and regeneration

Table 2 Stem cell trophic factors

Factor	Outcome	Ref.
↑Akt	Reduction cardiomyocyte loss	[52]
↓ NF-κβ	Anti-apoptotic effects	[53-55]
↓ TNF-α	Anti-apoptotic effects	[53-55]
↓ IL-6	Anti-apoptotic effects	[53-55]
↑ IL-10	Anti-apoptotic effects	[53-55]
↑ IL-6	Prevention activated neutrophil apoptosis via Stat3; regulation of neutrophil activation	[56-60]
↑ IL-10, ↑TNF-α, and ↑ IL-6	Macrophage M2 polarization	[53,61-65]
↓ Collagen I and III, ↓ TIMP-1 and ↓TGF-β	Reduction in fibrosis and scar size	[55,69-76]
↑ VEGF	Promote angiogenesis; improved contractile function	[77-86]
↑ IL-6	DC maturation inhibition	[60,66-68]
↑ IDO and ↑PGE2	Reduced T cell activation	[60,66-68]
↑ IDO and ↑PGE2	Decreased NK proliferation	[60]
Factor to be identified	B-Cell arrest	[60]

Akt: Serine/threonine kinase; NF-κβ: Nuclear factor κβ; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6: Interleukin 6; IL-10: Interleukin 10; TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; DC: Dendritic cell; NK: Natural killer cell; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2.