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World J Cardiol. Feb 26, 2014; 6(2): 38-66
Published online Feb 26, 2014. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i2.38
Published online Feb 26, 2014. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i2.38
Table 2 Oxidative stress induces endothelial dysfunction, vascular disease and hypertension. Host protective factors include enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses influenced by diet and nutrients
The cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and the natural defense mechanisms | |||
Reactive oxygen apecies | Antioxidant defense mechanisms | ||
Free radicals | Enzymatic scavengers | ||
O2•- | Superoxide anion radical | SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
OH• | Hydroxyl radical | 2O2•- + 2H+→ H2O2 + O2 | |
ROO• | Lipid peroxide (peroxyl) | CAT | Catalase (peroxisomal-bound) |
RO• | Alkoxyl | 2H2O2→ O2 + H2O | |
RS• | Thiyl | GTP | Glutathione peroxidase |
NO• | Nitric oxide | 2GSH + H2O2→ GSSG + 2H2O | |
NO2• | Nitrogen dioxide | 2GSH + ROOH → GSSG + ROH + 2H2O | |
ONOO- | Peroxynitrite | ||
CCl3• | Trichloromethyl | Nonenzymatic scavengers | |
Vitamin A | |||
Non-radicals | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | ||
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide | Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) | |
HOCl | Hypochlorous acid | β-carotene | |
ONOO- | Peroxynitrite | Cysteine | |
1O2 | Singlet oxygen | Coenzyme Q | |
The superscripted bold dot indicates an unpaired electron and the negative charge indicates a gained electron. GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; R, lipid chain. Singlet oxygen is an unstable molecule due to the two electrons present in its outer orbit spinning in opposite directions. | Uric acid | ||
Flavonoids | |||
Sulfh ydryl group | |||
Thioether compounds |
- Citation: Houston M. The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6(2): 38-66
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v6/i2/38.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v6.i2.38