Positive airway pressure therapy for heart failure

Table 3 Possible indication of each type/mode of positive airway pressure for each condition

	CPAP	Bi-level PAP	VAPS	ASV
Acute decompensated heart failure	o1	o	?2	?
Chronic HF with OSA	o	o	Δ3	Δ4
Chronic HF with CSA	Δ5	o	?	o
HF following acute decompensation	Δ6	o	?	Δ7
Chronic HF without SDB	×	?	?	Δ8
HF with hypoventilation (acute)	Δ9	o	o	×
HF with hypoventilation (chronic)	Δ9	o	o	?

¹Bi-level PAP with S-mode for accompanying OSA;

²Indicates that no clear data are available;

³Can be used if accompanied by hypoventilation;

⁴Can be used if Cheyne-Stokes respiration coexists;

⁵Can be used if CSA is alleviated;

⁶Can be used if OSA exists;

⁷Can be used if CSA exists;

⁸ASV may be useful for chronic HF patients with apnea-hypopnea index < 20 including those without SDB;

⁹Can be used if hypoventilation is associated with OSA. ASV: Adaptive servo-ventilation; Bi-level PAP: Bi-level positive airway pressure; CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure; CSA: Central sleep apnea; HF: Heart failure; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; SDB: Sleep disordered breathing; VAPS: Volume assured pressure support.