Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors regulate redox signaling in the cardiovascular system

Figure 1 Oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways affecting peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor transcript and protein activity. Oxidative stress triggers activation of ERK1/2, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt resulting in increased transcription of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as a defense mechanism. Oxidized lipids activate transcription and activation of PPARs. Oxidative stress increases p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) resulting in the phosphorylation of PPAR proteins resulting in suppressed transcription of PPARs. NOX: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.