Mechanisms of drug-induced proarrhythmia in clinical practice

Table 1 Drugs implicated in acquired long QT syndrome

Category	Drugs
Antianginal	Bepridil
Antiarrhythmic	Disopyramide, procainamide, quinidine, mexiletine, propafenone, flecainide, d,l-sotalol, amiodarone, dronedarone, bretylium, dofetilide, ibutilide, azimilide, ajmaline
Anticancer	Tamoxifen, lapatinib, vandetanib, nilotinib, arsenic trioxide
Antifungal	Itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole
Antimicrobial	Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, spiramycin, telithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, grepafloxacin, gemifloxacin, ofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine, quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine, halofantrine
Antiviral	Foscarnet
Antihistamine	Astemizole, diphenhydramine, ebastine, terfenadine, hydroxyzine
Antidepressant	Doxepin, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, desipramine, imipramine, clomipramine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram
Antipsychotic	Chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, felbamate, haloperidol, thioridazine, droperidol, mesoridazine, pimozide, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, lithium, chloral hydrate, pericycline, sertindole, sultopride, zimeldine, maprotiline, tiapride
Antimigraine	Naratriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan
Bronchodilators	Albuterol, salmeterol
Diuretics	Indapamide, thiazide, furosemide
Gastrointestinal stimulants	Cisapride, metoclopramide, domperidone
Hormones	Octreotide, vasopressin
Immunosuppressives	Tacrolimus
Others	Probucol, methadone, cocaine, amantadine, aconitine, veratridine, vincamine, terodiline, budipine, tizanidine, organophosphorus compounds

The full list can be accessed via the internet (http://www.torsades.org, http://www.qtdrugs.org, http://www.longqt.org, http://www.sads.org).