Risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation: Biomarkers and other future perspectives

Table 3 Biomarkers associated with thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation

cTnI and NT-proBNP[11]	cTnI and NT-proBNP were independently associated with the rate of stroke
	Both markers were also associated with vascular mortality
	Only cTnI was associated with bleeding risk
	cTnI and NT-proBNP added prognostic information to the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores
CRP and IL-6[17]	CRP and IL-6 have been associated with an increased risk of vascular death and cardiovascular events
	IL-6 levels were predictive of stroke and major bleeding
D-dimers[16,18]	D-dimers are independently associated with the risk of stroke and cardiovascular death
	Raised D-dimer levels were associated with major bleeding

cTnI: Cardiac troponin I; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C reactive protein; IL–6: Interleukin-6.