Effects of interventions on oxidative stress and inflammation of cardiovascular diseases

Figure 1 The role of interventions in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can be activated by interventions such as nutrition (phytochemical, phenolic acids), pharmacology (MG132, H₂S) and oxidative and electrophilic stimuli. Under basal conditions, Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytosol by binding with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). On activation, Nrf2 can be released from Keap1 and translocated into the nucleus. Nrf2 forms a heterodimer with musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma (Maf) and antioxidant response element (ARE) and regulates phase II anti-oxidant enzymes. NQO-1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1; GST: Glutathione S-transferase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1.