RAAS and adrenergic genes in heart failure: Function, predisposition and survival implications

Table 2 Effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms on the predisposition to patients with heart failure

Gene/SNP	Ref.	Cases/controls	Ethnic group	Association	Risk allele frequency
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
I/D	[62]	214/79	Caucasian	Yes	0.58 vs 0.56
	[63]	193/77	Swedish	No	0.57 vs 0.56
	[64]	229/230	Italian	No	0.58 vs 0.60
	[65]	99/364	Caucasian	No	0.57 vs 0.54
	[66]	157/225	South-Africans	No	0.64 vs 0.69
	[67]	90/287	Czech	No	0.54 vs 0.57
	[68]	79/102	Chinese Han	No	0.43 vs 0.40
	[69]	104/183	Chinese	No	0.36 vs 0.37
	[70]	433/401	French	No	0.54 vs 0.57
	[71]	88/122	Japanese	No	0.39 vs 0.36
	[61]	58/111	Canadians	No	0.64 vs 0.62
Angiotensinogen
M235T	[66]	157/225	South-Africans	No	0.83 vs 0.87
	[72]	158/200	Czech	No	0.51 vs 0.43
	[72]	40/63 (women)	Czech	Yes	0.56 vs 0.39
	[70]	433/401	French	No	0.40 vs 0.43
	[71]	88/122	Japanese	No	0.80 vs 0.80
	[61]	58/111	Canadians	Yes	0.48 vs 0.31
T174M	[70]	433/401	French	No	0.12 vs 0.14
	[71]	88/122	Japanese	No	0.05 vs 0.10
	[61]	58/111	Canadians	Yes	0.18 vs 0.10
G(-6)A	[72]	158/200	Czech	No	0.59 vs 0.58
Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor
A1166C	[70]	433/401	French	No	0.28 vs 0.28
	[61]	58/111	Canadians	No	0.31 vs 0.33
	[73]	193/77	Swedish	No	0.29 vs 0.30
A-153G	[70]	433/401	French	No	0.16 vs 0.19
Aldosterone
T-344C	[66]	157/225	South-Africans	No	0.21 vs 0.18
	[70]	433/401	French	No	0.43 vs 0.46
	[61]	58/111	Canadians	No	0.39 vs 0.45

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; T174M: Threonine to methionine substitution in position 174.