RAAS and adrenergic genes in heart failure: Function, predisposition and survival implications

Table 1 Effect of adrenergic gene polymorphisms on the predisposition to patients with heart failure

Gene/SNP	Ref.	Cases/controls	Ethnic group	Association	Risk allele frequency
β adrenergic receptor type 1
Arg389Gly	[50]	201/141	Mixed	No	0.74 vs 0.76
	[51]	256/230	Italian	No	0.69 vs 0.73
	[52]	189/378	Italian	Yes	0.74 vs 0.67
	[53]	91/119	Japanese	No	0.80 vs 0.81
	[54]	78/84	African-American	No	0.52 vs 0.56
	[54]	81/105	Caucasians	No	0.74 vs 0.76
	[55]	426/395	French	No	0.77 vs 0.75
	[56]	403/429	South Africans	No	0.70 vs 0.69
	[57]	260/230	Italian	No	0.69 vs 0.73
Ser49Gly	[50]	201/141	Mixed	No	0.15 vs 0.15
	[58]	184/77	Swedish	No	0.18 vs 0.13
	[52]	189/378	Italian	Yes	0.14 vs 0.08
	[53]	91/119	Japanese	No	0.16 vs 0.16
β adrenergic receptor type 2
Gly16Arg	[51]	256/230	Italian	No	0.61 vs 0.60
	[52]	189/378	Italian	Yes	0.67 vs 0.59
	[59]	259/212	Mixed	No	0.60 vs 0.63
	[60]	520/328	Mixed	Yes	0.62 vs 0.59
Gln27Glu	[51]	256/230	Italian	No	0.32 vs 0.31
	[52]	189/378	Italian	No	0.38 vs 0.33
	[59]	259/212	Mixed	No	0.44 vs 0.42
	[60]	520/328	Mixed	No	0.42 vs 0.40
	[61]	58/111	Canadians	No	0.41 vs 0.47
Thr164Ile	[52]	189/378	Italian	No	0.02 vs 0.01
	[59]	259/212	Mixed	No	0.02 vs 0.01
	[60]	520/328	Mixed	No	0.01 vs 0.01
5’LC-Arg19Cys	[52]	189/378	Italian	No	0.36 vs 0.31
α adrenergic receptor type 2
Del 322-325	[53]	91/119	Japanese	Yes	0.04 vs 0.11
	[54]	78/84	African-Americans	Yes	0.61 vs 0.41
	[54]	81/105	Caucasians	No	0.10 vs 0.04
	[56]	403/429	South Africans	No	1.00 vs 1.00
G-protein receptor kinase 5
Gln41Leu	[35]	242/107	African-Americans	No	0.76 vs 0.77
	[35]	568/406	European-Americans	No	0.98 vs 0.99

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism.