Adenosine triphosphate-induced cell death in heart failure: Is there a link?

Table 3 Experimental studies examining the roles of adenosine triphosphate-induced cell death in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure

Ref.	Year	Model	Marker(s)	Compound/target	Effect(s)
Schiattarella et al[98]	2021	The model combines metabolic alterations (exposure to HFD) and endothelial dysfunction-driven hypertension (modeled using a NOS inhibitor, L-NAME) to simulate clinical HFpEF	FoxO1, STUB1	Xbp1s-FoxO1	Activate E3 ubiquitin ligase STUB1
Yan et al[97]	2024	TAC-induced chronic HF and doxorubicin-induced acute HF mouse models	Mitochondrial OCR Analysis, LDH Activity and CK-MB	DDX17	Promoting mitochondrial homeostasis through the BCL6-DRP1 pathway
Zhang et al[96]	2023	Injection of DOCA, Ang II, and WD for 18 weeks to establish HFpEF pigs	Th, IL-6 and TNF-α	Dapagliflozin	Elevate β-hydroxybutyrate-activated citrate synthase activity
Zhang et al[95]	2024	Continuous infusion of AngII induces cardiac remodeling	LAMP1, LC3II, p62, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-1β	Schaftoside	Inhibit CaMKII-δ activity
Shou et al[94]	2022	Establishing a hypertension-induced HFpEF model in Dahl/SS rats with high-salt feeding	Mfn2 and Drp1	PINK1	Phosphorylation of Drp1S616 to improve mitochondrial fission and alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction
He et al[93]	2022	High-salt diet induces HFpEF	LVEF and E/A ratio, Masson's trichrome staining, WGA staining	Canagliflozin	Upregulate p-AMPK and SIRT1, and significantly induce the expression of PGC-1α
Shao et al[92]	2024	Ligation of the LAD induced	RXRa, Ndufs4	AS-III	Activate RXRa dimer
Zhang et al[91]	2024	DOX-induced HF	IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, TLR2	Circ-0006332	Downregulate miR-143 and upregulate TLR2 to stimulate cardiomyocyte pyroptosis
Lyu et al[90]	2023	Ligation of LAD induces HF	ATP, AMP, ADP	Empagliflozin	Downregulate the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins and upregulate the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins in HF mice
Yang et al[89]	2022	DOX-induced HF	BNP, ATP1α1	Trimetazidine	Inhibit KAT

HFD: High-fat diet; FoxO1: Forkhead box O 1; STUB1: STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase; L-NAME: Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; TAC: Transverse aortic constriction; OCR: Oxygen consumption rate; DDX17: DDEAD-box helicase 17; CaMKII-δ: Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent kinase II-δ; BCL6-DRP1: B-cell lymphoma 6 - dynamin-related protein 1; DOCA: Deoxycorticosterone acetate; WD: Western diet; Th: Tyrosine Hydroxylase; LAMP1: Lysosome associated membrane proteins 1; LC3II: Light chain 3 II; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Mfn2: Mitofusin 2 protein; Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1; PINK1: PTEN-induced kinase 1; WGA: Wheat germ agglutinin; RXRa: Retinoid X receptor protein a; Ndufs4: Ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4; AS-III: Arsenic-III ;DOX: Doxorubicin; TLR2: Toll-like receptor-2; Circ-0006332; ATP1α1: Na²⁺/ K⁺ATPase subunit alpha 1; KAT: 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.