High-output heart failure secondary to iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula: A case report

Table 1 Summary of chronic arteriovenous fistula resulting in heart failure

Time	Site	Age/sex	Time to diagnosis	Cause	Therapy	Prognosis
Shirai et al[15], 2025	Spontaneous iliac AVF	71/male	Immediately	Ruptured right common iliac artery aneurysm	Open abdominal aortic replacement	No follow up
Vranešić et al[16], 2024	Iatrogenic iliac AVF	52/female	Three months	Spine surgery	Endovascular treatment with a balloon-expandable stent graft	Excellent clinical condition at 5 years
Piraneo et al[10], 2024	Spontaneous iliac AVF	70/male	Immediately	Ruptured left common iliac artery aneurysm	NR	Death
Mach et al[7], 2024	Renal arteriovenous	69/female	8 months	Renal arteriovenous malformation	Endovascular transcatheter embolization	Reduction in symptoms and overall health improvement (follow-up time not specified)
Kosum et al[2], 2023	Iliac AVF	44/male	5 years	Lumbar discectomy	Endovascular closure by covered stent	Significant improvement in PH and high-output state at 6 weeks
Palić et al[4], 2023	Left superficial femoral artery and left femoral vein	33/male	4 months	Gunshot injury and trauma	Open surgery	Significant reduction in right heart diameter with a resolution of tricuspid regurgitation at 3 months
Naouli et al[17], 2022	Iliac AVF	44/male	4 years	Spine surgery	Open surgery	Significant regression of cardiac chambers at 3 months, asymptomatic at 6 years
Kumar et al[6], 2021	Abdominal aortic aneurysm and IVC	65/male	8 months	An open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair	NR	No follow up
Charif et al[18], 2021	Aorta and IVC	24/male	5 months	Abdominal shrapnel injury	Amplatzer septal occluder	Resolution of HOHF at 6 months
Kwon et al[19], 2019	Right common iliac artery and IVC	62/female	18 months	Lumbar spine surgery	Endovascular stent graft	Reduction in symptoms (follow-up time not specified)
Petrov et al[9], 2019	Right renal artery and IVC	59/male	25 years	Right nephrectomy	Coil embolization and LAA/PDA occluder	Reduction in symptoms and a resolution of tricuspid regurgitation at 2 years
Dahl et al[5], 2018	Left common iliac artery and vein	46/female	8 years	Hysterectomy	Endovascular closure with a Medtronic stent graft	LV size and RV size normalized and tricuspid gradient decreased and even normalized after 3 months
Dahl et al[5], 2018	Right common iliac artery and vein	48/female	12 years	Cholecystectomy	Endovascular closure with a Medtronic stent graft	Normalization of PH and complete resolution of symptoms at 6 months
Park et al[11], 2016	Right common iliac artery and vein	36/male	16 years	Herniated disc repair	Endovascular sealing with a bifurcated stent graft	Resolution of the dilated heart chambers, IVC diameter and decrease in PH with a reduction in the TR V-max at 8 weeks
Kubelik et al[13], 2016	Left common iliac artery and vein	39/female	12 years	Lumbar discectomy	Endovascular stent graft	Decreased cardiac output and cardiac index at 1 month
Nielsen-Kudsk et al[20], 2012	Right common iliac artery and vein	49/female	1 year	Spine surgery (L5/S1)	Transcatheter insertion of a covered stent	No follow up

AVF: Arteriovenous fistula; IVC: Inferior vena cava; NR: Not reported; LAA: Left atrial appendage; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; PH: Pulmonary hypertension; HOHF: High-output heart failure; LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle.