Advancements in prenatal diagnosis and management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: A multidisciplinary approach and future directions

Figure 1 Key cardiac malformations in hypoplastic left heart syndrome[6]. Citation: Connor JA, Thiagarajan R. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007; 2: 23. Copyright© 2025 published by BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. A visual representation of the structural abnormalities associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, demonstrating underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aorta, and aortic arch, along with mitral valve stenosis or atresia. These abnormalities lead to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The figure also highlights compensatory enlargement of the right ventricle and right atrium. HLHS: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosis; SVC: Superior vena cava; AO: Aorta; MPA: Main pulmonary artery; RA: Right atrium; PV: Pulmonary valve; AoV: Aortic valve; LA: left atrium; TV: Tricuspid Valve; LV: Left ventricle; MV: Mitral valve; RV: Mitral valve; right ventricle; IVC: Inferior vena cava.