Ibrutinib and atrial fibrillation: An in-depth review of clinical implications and management strategies

Figure 1 Mechanistic links between ibrutinib and atrial fibrillation. Ibrutinib inhibits various signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt, CSK, and AMP-activated protein kinase, leading to the dysregulation of calcium handling, atrial remodeling, oxidative stress, and inflammation, ultimately contributing to the development of atrial fibrillation. BTK: Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; CaMKII: Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CSK: C-terminal src kinase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase.