Seeing beneath the surface: Harnessing point-of-care ultrasound for internal jugular vein evaluation

Figure 7 Diagnostic algorithm in a case of cirrhosis and suspected hemodynamic acute kidney injury. Incorrect angle of insonation is a frequent source of error when assessing LVOT VTI (surrogate for stroke volume) and other Doppler measurements listed. Adapted from Ref. 33 with kind permission of the publisher (corresponding author’s prior open access publication). Blue boxes: Right heart; Red boxes: Left heart-related sonographic parameters; Green outlines: Volume tolerance phenotype; Orange outlines: Volume intolerance. POCUS: Point-of-care ultrasonography; VTI: Velocity time integral; E/e′: Ratio of the early diastolic waves of the mitral inflow Doppler and mitral annular tissue Doppler; LA: Left atrium; RV: Right ventricle; RVSP: Right ventricular systolic pressure; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; S′: Tricuspid annular systolic velocity; SVC: Superior vena cava; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; HV: Hepatic vein; PV: Portal vein.