Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-associated fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Echocardiographic structural and functional parameters according to liver fibrosis categories

Echocardiographic parameters	Group 1 (advanced fibrosis), n = 84	Group 2 (indeterminate risk of fibrosis), n = 164	Group 3 (without fibrosis), n = 19	P value
Morphologic parameters
LV diastolic diameter (mm)	51.37 ± 6.04	50.00 (38.00-71.00)	48.53 ± 4.50	0.1482
LV systolic diameter (mm)	37.00 (24.00-57.00)	36.00 (24.00-60.00)	34.89 ± 6.44	0.4832
IV septum thickness (mm)	12.00 (8.00-16.00)b	11.00 (7.00-16.00)	10.00 (9.00-13.00)b	0.0029
LV posterior wall thickness (mm)	12.00 (9.00-16.00)a	11.00 (7.00-17.00)a	11.00 (10.00-14.00)	0.0277
Left atrium diameter (mm)	39.07 ± 5.15c	37.00 (26.00-52.00)a	34.31 ± 4.26a,c	0.0008
Right atrium diameter (mm)	36.96 ± 6.03a	35.47 ± 5.28	33.47 ± 4.68a	0.0224
Right ventricle diameter (mm)	36.34 ± 5.50	35.00 (12.00-50.00)	37.00 ± 5.18	0.5209
Aortic annular diameter (mm)	32.00 (20.00-42.00)	32.00 (23.00-40.00)	31.11 ± 3.05	0.2201
Descending aorta diameter (mm)	18.00 (13.00-33.00)b	19.00 (10.00-30.00)b	18.11 ± 1.60	0.0066
LV end-diastolic volume (mm3)	121.64 ± 31.18	109.00 (63.00-380.00)	108.74 ± 17.85	0.1388
LV end-systolic volume (mm3)	66.70 ± 22.25a	57.00 (21.00-290.00)a	54.35 ± 14.16	0.0101
Stroke volume (mm3)	55.42 ± 16.60	54.00 (24.00-112.00)	52.81 ± 13.48	0.7994
EATT (mm)	8.00 (3.00-17.00)b	7.00 (3.00-14.00)b	7.26 ± 2.51	0.0027
LVMi (g/m2)	119.16 ± 27.36	113.23 ± 24.82	104.39 ± 22.32	0.0474
Increased LVMi, n (%)	55 (66.27%)	99 (60.37%)	10 (52.63%)	0.4687
Functional parameters
EF, n (%)	49.19 ± 5.62	50.87 ± 5.14	52.00 ± 3.25a	0.0030
	49.00 (27.00-65.00)a,b	50.00 (23.00-61.00)a,b	52.00 (45.00-60.00)
EF-normal range, n (%)	41 (49.40)	113 (68.90)	16 (84.21)	0.0017
E wave velocity (cm/second)	72.59 ± 19.24	70.00 (32.00-158.00)	71.83 ± 18.07	0.9292
A wave velocity (cm/second)	84.31 ± 21.25	86.10 ± 22.65	81.61 ± 27.54	0.6626
Mitral valve E/A	0.79 (0.38-1.52)	0.80 (0.44-2.07)	0.94 ± 0.28	0.5683
e’ septal (cm/second)	8.00 (3.00-16.00)b	8.00 (4.00-15.00)	10.50 ± 2.94b	0.0068
e’/a’ septal	0.70 (0.43-2.0)	0.78 (0.36-3.00)	0.84 ± 0.24	0.3637
E/e’ septal	9.64 ± 4.10a	8.44 (2.43-26.33)	7.35 ± 2.62a	0.0260
e’ lateral (cm/second)	8.00 (4.00-19.00)	8.00 (4.00-18.00)	8.00 (4.00-13.00)	0.9551
e’/a’ lateral	0.73(0.40-2.00)	0.71 (0.40-2.00)	0.79 ± 0.28	0.7655
E/e’ lateral	9.15 ± 3.76	8.27 (2.83-25.0)	8.15 (3.54-20.75)	0.8768
Average E/e’ ratio	9.17 ± 3.58	8.39 (2.62-22.57)	7.77 ± 2.34	0.3208
DcT (msec)	200.73 ± 59.07	194.59 ± 51.00	192.17 ± 43.19	0.6725
LVOT VTI (cm)	30.00 (11.20-78.00)	30.00 (11.90-76.00)	28.98 ± 7.27	0.5857
LV segmental kinetics
Total wall motion score index	1.10 ± 0.17	1.06 ± 0.13	1.02 ± 0.06	0.0352
Basal wall motion score index	1.06 ± 0.18	1.03 ± 0.12	1.02 ± 0.05	0.6358
Mid wall motion score index	1.11 ± 0.21	1.06 ± 0.15	1.03 ± 0.1	0.0240
Apical wall motion score index	1.15 ± 0.26	1.10 ± 0.24	1.02 ± 0.06	0.0548

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

For ejection fraction (%): Group 1 vs group 2, and group 1 vs group 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (min-max). Ejection fraction-normal range ≥ 50%. LV: Left ventricular; IV: Interventricular; EATT: Epicardial adipose tissue thickness; LVMi: Left ventricular mass index; EF: Ejection fraction; LVOT VTI: Left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral; DcT: Deceleration time.