Outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and new onset heart blocks: Insight from the National Inpatient Sample database

Table 1 Baseline demographics and comorbid condition rate of patients admitted for coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia with and without high degree atrioventricular block without a pacemaker, n (%)

	Study group	Control group	P value
	High degree atrioventricular block (n = 3210/0.4%)	No high degree atrioventricular block (n = 1058815/99.6%)
Age (year), mean	72	64	< 0.001
Gender			< 0.001
Female	1075 (33.5)	498545 (47.2)
Male	(66.5)	(52.7)
Ethnicity			0.0359
White	1862 (58)	550584 (52)
Black	578 (18)	201175 (19)
Hispanic	482 (15)	211763 (21)
Other	225 (7)	84705 (8)
Chronic kidney disease	1084 (33)	205000 (19)	< 0.001
Hypertension	1030 (32)	437190 (41)	< 0.001
Congestive heart failure	1095 (34)	162930 (15)	< 0.001
Government insured	2555 (82)	673794 (67)	< 0.001
Private insured	480 (15)	292190 (29)	< 0.001
Self-pay	80 (2.6)	35875 (3.6)	0.1828
Poor socioeconomic status	550 (17)	168015 (16)
Hospital region			0.0144
Northeast	550 (17)	186650 (17.6)
Midwest	925 (29)	245190 (23.2)
South	1225 (38)	441800 (42)
West	510 (16)	181964 (17.2)
Hospital bed size			0.0286
Small	770 (24)	270620 (25.6)
Medium	810 (25.2)	304920 (29)
Large	1630 (50.8)	480065 (45.4)
Charlson index			< 0.001
0	385 (12)	296468 (28)
1	642 (20)	296468 (28)
2	578 (18)	169410 (16)
3	1605 (50)	296468 (28)
Median household income			0.0418
First quartile	931 (29)	359997 (34)
Second quartile	995 (31)	296468 (28)
Third quartile	738 (23)	232939 (22)
Fourth quartile	546 (17)	169410 (16)
Myocardial infarction	570 (17)	77240 (7)	< 0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	320 (10)	47355 (4.5)	< 0.001
Cerebrovascular disease	185 (5)	42075 (4)	0.0223
Dementia	570 (17)	116035 (11)	< 0.001
Chronic obstructive lung disease	875 (27)	247225 (23.4)	0.0244
Rheumatoid arthritis	65 (2)	30120 (3)	0.2037
Peptic ulcer disease	20 (0.6)	4625 (0.4)	0.4797
Mild liver disease	95 (3)	36275 (3.4)	0.5039
Diabetes mellitus	680 (21)	262850 (25)	0.0311
Diabetic complications	1790 (55)	327870 (30)	< 0.001
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	50 (1.5)	16690 (1.5)	0.9732
Renal disease	2220 (70)	421060 (40)	< 0.001
Cancer	260 (8)	57440 (5.4)	0.0371
Moderate/severe liver disease	45 (1.4)	15855 (1.5)	0.9051
Metastatic cancer	210 (6.5)	49170 (4.6)	0.3633
AIDS	60 (1.9)	13980 (1.3)	0.6272

Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare the baseline characteristics accordingly, and the resulting P values are shown. AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.