Effects of time-restricted eating with different eating duration on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants in the included studies

Ref.	Study design	Sample size	Study duration	Characteristics	Location	Sex	Baseline BMI (kg/m2)	Age (yr)	Fasting: Eating period (hours)	Timing of intervention
Chair et al[26], 2022	Three arm RCT	101	3 wk	Prediabetes	Weight management clinic, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China	M: 3, F: 64	35.23 ± 6.19	74.30 ± 8.39	16:08	Free to arrange the 8-h eating window based on personal preferences
Che et al[27], 2021	RCT	120	14 wk	Overweight adults with type 2 diabetes	Diabetes Clinic, Zhu Xianyi Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China	M: 65, F: 55	TRE: 26.42 ± 1.96; Comparator: 26.08 ± 2.14	TRE: 48.21 ± 9.32; Comparator: 48.78 ± 9.56	14:10	08:00 to 18:00 and fasted from 18:00 to 08:00 daily
Chow et al[28], 2020	RCT	20	12 wk	Adults with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	Minnesota, United States	M: 3, F: 17	TRE: 33.8 ± 7.6; Comparator: 34.4 ± 7.8	TRE: 46.5 ± 9.32; Comparator: 44.2 ± 12.3	16:08	Self-select
Cienfuegos et al[29], 2020	RCT (3-arms)	58	10 wk	Adults with BMI of 30-49.9 kg/m2	Chicago, United States	F: 53 M:5	4-h TRE: 37 ± 1; 6-h TRE: 37.0 ± 1.0; Comparator: 36.0 ± 1.0	4-h: 47 ± 2; 6-h: 47 ± 3; Comparator: 45 ± 2	4-h: 20:04; 6-h: 18:06	4-h TRE: 15:00-19:00; 6-h TRE: 13:00-19:00
Isenmann et al[30], 2021	RCT	35	16 wk	Adults with BMI ≥ 25, physically active	Gymnasium, (Windhagen, Germany)	F: 21 M: 21	TRE: 26.3 ± 3.0; Comparator: 25.7 ± 3.3	TRE: 27.9 ± 5.3; Comparator: 27.4 ± 5.8	16:08	12:00-20:00
Kotarsky et al[31], 2021	RCT	21	8 wk	Adults with BMI 25.0 and 34.9 kg/m2	North Dakota State university, United States	F: 18 M: 3	29.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2	44 ± 7	16:08	12:00-20:00
Liu et al[32], 2022	RCT	139	6/12 mo	Adults with BMI of 28-45 kg/m2	Guangzhou, China	F: 68 M: 71	TRE: 31.8 ± 2.9; Comparator: 31.3 ± 2.6	TRE: 31.6 ± 9.3; Comparator: 32.2 ± 8.8	16:08	08:00-16:00
Lowe et al[33], 2020	RCT	116	12 wk	Adults with BMI 27-43 kg/m2	United States, primarily San Francisco	F: 70 M: 46	32.7 ± 4.2	46.5 ± 10.5	16:08	TRE, 8 h, 12:00-20:00
Peeke et al[34], 2021	RCT (Virtual)	60	8 wk	Adults with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	United States	F:69 M: 9	38.9 ± 7.7	44.0 ± 11.0	12:12 (14:10, with fasting snack 12 h post fasting)	Fasting began after dinner (between 17:00-20:00)
Phillips et al[35], 2021	RCT	54	6 mo	Adults with at least one component of metabolic syndrome	Switzerland	Not reported	TRE: 28.0 ± 4.1; Comparator: 27.0 ± 4.0	43.4 ± 13.3	12:12	-
de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza et al[36], 2021	RCT	58	21/81 d	Adults with BMI 30-45 kg/m2	Outpatient clinic of the Centro de Recuperação e Educação Nutritional, Brazil	F: 58	TRE: 31.80 (CI: 29.25-34.36); Comparator: 31.03 (CI, 28.20-33.87)	TRE: 33.53 (CI: 32.00-35.50); Comparator: 33.12 (CI: 31.68-34.56)	12:12	Self-select
Ribeiro et al[37], 2021	RCT	24	8 wk	Physically active adults with BMI 25 kg/m2	Brazil	F: 20 M: 4	TRE :30.5 ± 3.5; Comparator: 31.7 ± 5,6	TRE: 32.4 ± 5.5; Comparator: 33.0 ± 8.7	16:08	12:00-20:00
Schroder et al[38], 2021	NRCT	40	3 mo	Women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	Brazil	F: 40	TRE: 32.53 ± 1.13; Comparator: 4.55 ± 1.20	TRE: 36.6 ± 1.6. Comparator: 42.3 ± 3.5	16:08	12:00-20:00
Sutton et al[39], 2018	RXT	8	5 wk	Pre-diabetic men with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	Greater Baton Rouge, United States	M: 12	32.2 ± 4.4	56.0 ± 9.0	18:06	Self-select eating window between 06:30-08:30; For early TRE to end eating window by 15:00
Thomas et al[40], 2022	RCT	81	12/39 wk	Adults with BMI 27-45 kg/m2	Colorado, United States	F: 20 M: 4	34.1 ± 5.7	38.0 ± 7.8	14:10	Start eating window 3 h post waking up

RCT: Randomized control trial; NRCT: Non-randomized control trial; RXT: Randomized crossover trial; BMI: Body mass index; M: Male; F: Female; TRE: Time-restricted eating.