Safety and efficacy of balloon angioplasty compared to stent-based-strategies with pulmonary vein stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients treated with either balloon angioplasty or stenting included in meta-analysis

Ref.	Study type	Enrolment Period	Main inclusion criteria	Imaging after ablation	Mean time between PVI and clinical symptoms	Revascularization approach	Stent size	Acute angiographic success	Primary outcome at follow-up	Follow-up
Qureshi et al[19], 2003	Observational retrospective study	2000-2002	Severe PVS with clinical symptoms	CT-scans in symptomatic patients	4 mo	Stepwise	4-10 mm	NA	Freedom of reintervention	10 ± 9 mo
Prieto et al[7], 2008	Observational retrospective study	2000-2007	Severe PVS with clinical symptoms	CT-scans, lung perfusion scans in symptomatic patients	11.5 mo	Stepwise/primary stenting	8-10 mm	Residual stenosis ≤ 30%	Recurrence of symptoms requiring reintervention	25 ± 21 mo
Neumann et al[6], 2009	Observational prospective study	2003-2005	Severe PVS (> 70%) with clinical symptoms and/or significant perfusion defect	Surveillance imaging with MRI, lung perfusion scans, CT scans, TTE every 3 mo	NA	Stepwise (if rebound stenosis was observed after balloon dilatation)/primary stenting	8-12 mm	NA	Clinically symptomatic restenosis	48 mo
Fender et al[20], 2016	Observational prospective study	2000-2014	Severe PVS (> 75%) with clinical symptoms	Surveillance imaging with CT-scans at 3 mo + CT-scans and lung perfusion scans in symptomatic patients	4.0 ± 3.0 mo	Stepwise	6-10 mm + DES 4 mm	Residual stenosis < 20%	Clinically symptomatic restenosis	48 mo
Cory et al[5], 2017	Observational retrospective study	2005-2016	Catheter intervention for PVS for patients < 18 yr	NA	NA	Stepwise/primary stenting	Median-DES 4 mm, BMS 5 mm	NA	Mortality following transcatheter PV intervention	Median of 30.6 mo
Schoene et al[15], 2018	Observational retrospective study	2004-2017	Symptomatic PVS with > 70% in a single stenosis or > 60% in multiple ipsilateral stenosis	Initial screening process from 2004-2007- TEE 6-12 mo after PVI or when symptomatic, subsequent CT or MRI. Screening terminated in 2008, symptomatic patients underwent CT, MRI and/or PV angiography	10.2 ± 8.0 mo	Stepwise/primary stenting	Median stent- 7 mm × 20 mm, DES 5 mm	Residual stenosis < 10%-20%	Restenosis rate following transcatheter intervention	Median of 6 mo
Kurita et al[9], 2019	Observational retrospective study	2001-2017	PVS associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and isolated congenital PVS	Combination of ultrasound, CT and angiography	Median 7 from birth	Stepwise/primary stenting-PCI/hybrid surgery	3-8 mm	NA	In-stent restenosis following stent placement using CT or angiography ≥ 50% higher stenosis of stent size	19 mo
Suntharos et al[8], 2019	Observational retrospective study	2000-2016	PVS after PVI undergoing PCI	CT-scan pulmonary vein protocol, quantitative lung perfusion scan	NA	Stepwise/primary stenting	3-16 mm	NA	Freedom of reinrevention	Median follow up-17 mo

CT: Computed tomography; DES: Drug-eluting stents; NA: Not available; PVI: Pulmonary vein isolation; PVS: Pulmonary vein stenosis; PV: Pulmonary vein; TEE: Transesophageal echocardiography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; PCI: Percutaneous interventions.