Novel predictors of permanent pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Table 2 Baseline electrocardiographic and echocardiogram findings

	All	No PPM	PPM	P value
	n = 357	n = 300	n = 57
EKG rhythm abnormalities				0.054
Sinus	265 (74.2)	229 (76.3)	36 (63.2)
Atrial fibrillation	84 (23.5)	66 (22.0)	18 (31.6)
Atrial flutter	4 (1.1)	2 (0.7)	2 (3.5)
Junctional rhythm	2 (0.6)	1 (0.3)	1 (1.8)
Other	2 (0.6)	2 (0.7)	0 (0)
Sinus bradycardia	38 (10.6)	35 (11.7)	3 (5.3)	0.229
Sinus tachycardia	3 (0.8)	3 (1)	0 (0)	1.00
Conduction abnormalities
RBBB	51 (14.3)	33 (11)	18 (31.6)	< 0.001
LBBB	29 (8.1)	24 (8)	5 (8.8)	0.794
AV block I	55 (15.4)	46 (15.3)	9 (15.8)	1.00
AV block IIa	0	0	0	-
AV block IIb	0	0	0	-
AV block III	0	0	0	-
Bifascicular block	5 (1.4)	5 (1.7)	0 (0)	1.00
Left anterior fascicular block	16 (4.5)	12 (4)	4 (7)	0.299
Left posterior fascicular block	1 (0.3)	0 (0)	1 (1.8)	0.16
Abnormal QRS (≥ 120 ms)	89 (25)	62 (20.7)	27 (47.4)	< 0.001
Prolonged QTc (≥ 470 ms)	97 (27.2)	70 (23.4)	27 (47.4)	< 0.001
Echocardiogram findings
Left ventricular EF	58.1 (12.7)	58.5 (11.9)	56 (16.1)	0.272
AV peak velocity	4.1 (0.7)	4.1 (0.7)	4.1 (0.7)	0.957
AV mean gradient	42 (14.7)	42.1 (14.7)	41.3 (14.8)	0.707
AV peak gradient	68.4 (21.9)	68.4 (21.7)	68.1 (23.2)	0.933
AV regurgitation				0.247
None	147 (43.9)	116 (41.6)	31 (55.4)
Mild	162 (48.4)	141 (50.5)	21 (37.5)
Moderate	23 (6.9)	19 (6.8)	4 (7.1)
Severe	3 (0.9)	3 (1.1)	0 (0)
MV regurgitation				0.242
None	28 (8.2)	24 (8.4)	4 (7.1)
Mild	255 (74.8)	208 (73.0)	47 (83.9)
Moderate	52 (15.2)	48 (16.8)	4 (7.1)
Severe	6 (1.8)	5 (1.8)	1 (1.8)
TV regurgitation				0.129
None	19 (5.6)	19 (6.6)	0 (0)
Mild	272 (79.8)	226 (79.0)	46 (83.6)
Moderate	43 (12.6)	36 (12.6)	7 (12.7)
Severe	7 (2.1)	5 (1.7)	2 (3.6)
Pulmonary artery pressure	46.9 (14.1)	45.9 (13.1)	51.6 (17.7)	0.073
Annulus area	0.8 (0.2)	0.8 (0.2)	0.8 (0.3)	0.968
Aortic sinus diameter	3.2 (0.5)	3.2 (0.5)	3.3 (0.5)	0.074
CT annulus diameter 1	25.1 (4.4)	25 (4.3)	25.2 (4.8)	0.849
CT annulus diameter 2	24.2 (4.2)	24.1 (4.2)	24.8 (4.3)	0.273
LV diastolic diameter	4.7 (0.8)	4.7 (0.8)	4.8 (0.8)	0.290
LVOT	20.9 (1.9)	20.8 (1.9)	21.1 (1.9)	0.354

P values and mean ± SD from a 2-sample t-test reported for continuous variables. Counts (%) and P values from Fisher’s exact test were reported for categorical variables. RBBB: Right Bundle Branch Block; LBBB: Left Bundle branch block; CT: Computed tomography; AV: Aortic valve; MV: Mitral valve; TV: Tricuspid valve; PPM: Permanent pacemakers; LVOT: Left ventricular outflow tract.