Vitamin d deficiency and metabolic syndrome: The joint effect on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the United States adults

Table 3 Hazard ratios of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome for heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality

	Model 1			Model 2
	HR	(95%CI)	P value	HR	(95%CI)	P value
Ref to 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/dL
25(OH)D for HD
20-29	1.13	(0.82-1.55)	0.45	1.13	(0.83-1.52)	0.43
< 20	1.54	(1.14-2.08)	0.005	1.43	(1.07-1.91)	0.017
25(OH)D for CBVD
20-29	0.97	(0.61-1.53)	0.88	0.98	(0.62-1.56)	0.94
< 20	1.15	(0.58-2.26)	0.69	1.14	(0.58-2.25)	0.69
25(OH)D for CVD
20-29	1.09	(0.82-1.46)	0.54	1.10	(0.82-1.46)	0.52
< 20	1.44	(1.09-1.91)	0.011	1.36	(1.04-1.78)	0.028
25(OH)D for all-cause mortality
20-29	1.16	(0.99-1.35)	0.06	1.16	(0.99-1.36)	0.07
< 20	1.38	(1.16-1.64)	0.001	1.32	(1.10-1.58)	0.004
Ref to Non-MetS
MetS for HD	1.31	(1.09-1.58)	0.005	1.22	(1.00-1.49)	0.053
MetS for CBVD	1.58	(0.94-2.66)	0.083	1.60	(0.96-2.65)	0.069
MetS for CVD	1.37	(1.12-1.66)	0.002	1.29	(1.05-1.59)	0.017
MetS for all-cause mortality	1.22	(1.08-1.37)	0.002	1.20	(1.05-1.36)	0.008
Interaction of
25(OH)D x MetS on
HD	0.91	(0.72-1.17)	0.46	0.91	(0.72-1.15)	0.41
CBVD	0.80	(0.39-1.66)	0.54	0.79	(0.38-1.62)	0.50
CVD	0.89	(0.71-1.12)	0.31	0.88	(0.70-1.11)	0.28
All-cause	0.98	(0.84-1.14)	0.78	0.96	(0.82-1.13)	0.63

Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and regions; Model 2 adjusted covariate in Model 1 plus smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and baseline CVD. HR: Hazard ratio; 25(OH)D: Serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D concentration; HD: Heart disease; CBVD: Cerebrovascular disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; MetS: Metabolic syndrome.