Clinical outcomes in patients with native valve infective endocarditis and diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of primary hospitalizations for native valve infective endocarditis by diabetes mellitus in the United States from 2004–2014

Demographics and Co-morbidities	NVIE
	No DM (%)	DM (%)	P value
Age (yr), mean (SD)	58.2 ± 19	63.37 ± 14	< 0.0001
Gender			< 0.0001
Male	58.4	55.6
Female	41.6	44.4
Race			< 0.0001
White	71.9	62.5
Black	15.9	20.0
Hispanic	7.1	11.2
Asian	1.8	2.4
Native Americans	0.6	1.0
Other	2.7	2.9
Co-morbidities
Tobacco abuse	14.8	9.0	< 0.0001
Hypothyroidism	6.2	9.6	< 0.0001
Hyperlipidemia	11.5	25.1	< 0.0001
Valvular heart diseases	21.6	19.0	< 0.0001
Chronic kidney disease	3.8	7.9	< 0.0001
Obesity	1.8	7.2	< 0.0001
Congestive heart failure	26.2	34.2	< 0.0001
Chronic liver disease	9.3	12.4	< 0.0001
Hypertension	39.1	64.8	< 0.0001
HIV	2.6	0.9	< 0.0001
Atrial fibrillation	18.9	22.4	< 0.0001
Pulmonary hypertension	5.8	6.5	< 0.0001
Coronary artery disease	14.2	29.7	< 0.0001
Peripheral artery disease	2.4	5.5	< 0.0001
Hemodialysis	15.0	27.8	< 0.0001
History of cardiac arrest	0.0	0.1	0.011
History of drug abuse	11.9	3.8	< 0.0001
Congenital heart disease	1.8	0.8	< 0.0001
Rheumatic heart disease	11.8	9.6	< 0.0001

DM: Diabetes mellitus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; SD: Standard deviation; NVIE: Native valve infective endocarditis.