Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers

doi:10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373

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Aug 26, 2020 (publication date) through Dec 25, 2024

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World Journal of Cardiology

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1949-8462

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Cardiol. Aug 26, 2020; 12(8): 373-408
Published online Aug 26, 2020. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373

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Figure 1 A diagram showing basic etiology, pathophysiology and compensatory mechanisms that are activated in heart failure. CO: Cardiac output; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: Heart failure; HFmrEF: Heart failure with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SV: Stroke volume.

Citation: Borovac JA, D'Amario D, Bozic J, Glavas D. Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers. World J Cardiol 2020; 12(8): 373-408
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v12/i8/373.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373