Intra-procedural arrhythmia during cardiac catheterization: A systematic review of literature

Table 3 Incidence rate of arrhythmia in coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions

Year	Tachyarrhythmias required interventions					Bradycar-dias, asystole, and conduction distur-bance (%)	Procedure types	Study designs (incidence/ total subjects)		Ref.
	Ventricular arrhythmia				Atrial arrhythmia (%)
	VF (%)	VT (%)	VA (%)	Overall (%)
1967	1.3	N/R	N/R	1.3	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center (Sones) 84/6400		McGuire et al[85]
1968	1.33	N/R	N/R	1.33	N/R	N/R	CAG	Meta-analysis (5/535; 22/1500)		Takaro et al[86]
1968	0.7	0	0	0.7	N/R	N/R	CAG	Multicenter, CASS registry 23/3312		Ross et al[87]
1970	12	0	0	12	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 9/75		Gau et al[29]
1972	0.22	0	0	0.22	0	0.22%	CAG	Single center 1/445		Green et al[88]
1973	1.281			1.28	N/R	N/R	CAG	Multicenter, survey; 600/46904		Adams et al[89]
1975	1.14	0	0	1.14	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center, 4/351		Shah et al[90]
1976	0.36	0.11	0.32	0.8	0.19	0.24	CAG	Single center 19/5250 VF; 6/5250 VT; 17/5250 VA		Bourassa et al[37]
1976	1.01	N/R	N/R	1.01	N/R	0.46	CAG	Single center 11/1094		Nitter-Hauge et al[91]
1976	1.5	N/R	N/R	1.5	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 22/1500		Pridie et al[92]
1979	0.63	0	0	0.63	0	4.3	CAG	Multicenter registry 48/7553		Davis et al[93]
1979	0.11	0	0	0.11	0	0	CAG	Single center 10/10000		Vijay et al[38]
1983	1.6	0.5	0	2.1	N/R	N/R	PTCA	Registry 24/1500 VF; 8/1500 VT		Dorros et al[30]
1984	0.51			0.5	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 39/7915		Nishimura et al[39]
1985	1.7			1.7	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 66/3906		Lehmann et al[94]
1985	0.78a			0.78	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 63/8081		Murdock et al[95]
1987	1.28	N/R	N/R	1.28	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 26/2025		Arrowood et al[96]
1989	0.27	0	0.03	0.3	0	0.03	CAG	Single center 11/3656		Armstrong et al[97]
1989	1.71		0	1.7	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 11/648		Lehmann et al[98]
1990	1			1.0	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center, 2 cohorts		Missri et al[64]
	0.4			0.4	N/R	N/R	CAG	Renografin-76 (20/2000) vs Isovue-370 (8/2000)
1990	0.54			0.54	N/R	N/R	CAG	Multicenter, CASS registry (108/20142)		Epstein et al[40]
1991	2.06			2.06	N/R	N/R	PTCA	Single center, (19/922)		Brennan et al[32]
1991	0.4	0.8	0	1.2	0	0	PTCA	Iopamidol (6/507, 1.2%)	Single center, double blinded, RCT	Lembo et al[33]
	0.7	2.0	0	2.7	0	0		Diatrizoate (15/551, 2.7%)
2002	2.1	0	0	2.1	N/R	N/R	PTCA	Single center 19/905		Huang et al[99]
2004	4.3			4.3	N/R	N/R	PTCA	Multicenter, PTCA (133/3065, PAMI study, STEMI		Mehta et al[35]
2005	0.84	N/R	N/R	0.84	N/R	N/R	PTCA	Single center, (164/19497)		Addala et al[31]
2008	0.08	0.05	0	0.13	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 24/18365		Chen et al[100]
2009	0.1	N/R	N/R	0.1	N/R	N/R	CAG	Single center 27/27798 (radial 0.076%, femoral 0.147%)		Chen et al[101]
2017	4.1		N/R	4.1	N/R	N/R	PCI	Multicenter, APPROACH trial, 158/3814 STEMI		Har et al[36]
Summary	Total reported CAG cases: 163090; total of 1260 with overall VT/VF/VA rate 0.77% for diagnostic CAG.
	Total reported non-AMI PTCA cases: 2388; total of 255 VT/VF with VT/VF rate 1.1% for PTCA.

¹Ventricular fibrillation and sustained ventricular arrhythmias were reported together. VF: Ventricular fibrillation; VT: Ventricular tachycardia; VA: Ventricular arrest (asystole); CAG: Coronary arteriography or angiography; PTCA: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. N/R: Not reported.