Intra-procedural arrhythmia during cardiac catheterization: A systematic review of literature

Table 2 List of studies reported the incidence rate of ventricular arrhythmia during right heart catheterization

Year	Number RHC	Types of arrhythmia	Incidence rate, n (%)	Setting	Study design	Procedural Outcomes	Ref.
1979	73	VA (> 1 PVCs in 4 beats)	27 (36.9)	OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Shaw et al[58]
					Randomized
1981	320	Overall	36 (16.4)	ICU	Prospective	3 VTs: Treatment	Sise et al[20]
		VA not treatment	33 (10)		Observational
		VA required treatment	3 (1)
1981	60	PVCs	29 (48)	ICU	Retrospective	2 VTs: Treatment	Sprung et al[56]
		VT	20 (33)		Observational	1 VF: Mortality
1982	107	VT (> 3 cPVCs, > 150 pbm)		OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Salmenpera et al[60]
		Lidocaine	8/53 (15)		Randomized
		Placebo	10/54 (19)
1982	150	Advanced VA	80 (53)	ICU	Prospective	3 VTs: Treatment	Sprung et al[17,56]
		Salvos (3-5 cPVCs)	45 (30)		Observational	2 VFs: Mortality
		NSVT (6-30 cPVCs)	30 (20)
		VT (> 30 cPVCs)	5 (3)
		VF	2 (1.3)
1983	67	Advanced VA	42 (63)	ICU	Prospective	All self-limited	Sprung et al[59]
		Lidocaine ppx	18/31 (58)		Randomized
		placebo	24/36 (67)
1983	528	PVCs	58 (11)	ICU	Prospective	8 VTs: Meds	Boyd et al[21]
		VT	8 (1.5)		Observational
		VF	0
1985	56	Advanced VA	7 (12.5)	ICU	Prospective	All self-limited	Iberti et al[22]
					Observational
1985	250	PVCs	162/250 (64.8)	OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Damen et al[14]
		VT (> 3 cPVC > 100 bpm)	11/250 (4.4)		Observational
		VF	0
1986	1400	Overall	880/1400 (62.9)	OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Damen et al[2]
		PVCs	838/1400 (59.9)		Observational
		VT (> 3 cPVC > 100 bpm)	42/1400 (3)
		VF	0
1986	142	Overall	64 (45)	ICU	Prospective	All self-limited	Patel et al[55]
		Benign (singlet PVCs)	24 (16.9)		Observational
		Malignant1	40 (28.1)
1989	68	Overall	55 (80.9)	OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Keusch et al[57]
		Benign (1-2 PVCs)	30 (44.1)		Observational
		Malignant2	25 (36.8)
2007	100	PAC insertion		OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Gwak et al[13]
		Overall	70 (70)		Observational
		Benign	33 (33)
		Malignant3	37 (37)
2012	139	Overall	76/139 (54.7)	OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Pipanmekaporn et al[28]
		Benign (1-2 PVCs)	58 (41.7)		Randomized
		Severe (≥ 3 PVCs)	28 (20.1)
2013	380	VT	0	Hybrid CCL	Retrospective	DCCV	Bergmann et al[19]
		VF	1 (0.26)		Observational
2017	174	Overall	149/174 (85.6)	OR	Prospective	All self-limited	Satol et al[23]
		Multiple PVCs ≥ 2	78/174 (44.8)		Observational

¹Malignant definition: Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) with couples or > 3 consecutive PVCs.

²Malignant definition: PVC couples, or ≥ 3 consecutive PVCs with heart rate > 120 bpm).

³Malignant definition: ≥ 3 consecutive PVCs with heart rate > 100 bp. RHC: Right heart catheterization; VA: Ventricular arrest (asystole); OR: Operating room; ICU: Intensive care units (including medical ICU, surgical ICU and cardiac ICU); PVC: Premature ventricular contractions; VT: Ventricular tachycardia; PAC: Pulmonary artery catheter; VF: Ventricular fibrillation; CCL: Cardiac catheterization laboratory; cPVCs: Consecutive PVCs; DCCV: Direct current cardioversion; NSVT: Non-sustained VT.