Carbon dioxide-angiography for patients with peripheral arterial disease at risk of contrast-induced nephropathy

Table 2 Overcoming complications associated with the use of carbon dioxide angiography

CO2 associated complication	Preventive and / or therapeutic strategy
Gas embolism	Blood carries dissolved CO2 to the lungs, where the gas is expired in a single pass, eliminating the possibility of gas embolism[79]
Explosive gas delivery	Inject 3-5 mL of CO2 into the catheter to remove any fluid or blood, decreasing gas compression and explosive delivery[75]
	Administer intra-arterial lidocaine before CO2 injection to resolve patient’s pain and prevent involuntary movement[80]