Radial artery access site complications during cardiac procedures, clinical implications and potential solutions: The role of nitric oxide

Table 2 Variations of anti-spasmolytic cocktail components

Ref.	Radial cocktailingredients	Concentration	Drug class
Kiemeneij et al[32]	Verapamil	5 mg	Calcium channel blocker1
	Nitroglycerin	0.2 mg	Nitrate2
Pancholy et al[44]	Nitroglycerin	0.2 mg	Nitrate2
	Diltiazem	5 mg	Calcium channel blocker1
Hizoh et al[43]	Verapamil	5 mg	Calcium channel blocker1
He et al[23]	Heparin	2500 units	Anticoagulant3
	Nitroglycerin	0.2 mg	Nitrate2
	Verapamil	2.5 mg	Calcium channel blocker1
Ruiz-Salmerón et al[24]	Heparin with	5000 units	Anticoagulant3
	Verapamil or	2.5 mg	Calcium channel blocker1
	Phentolamine	2.5 mg	Alpha-adrenergic antagonist1

¹Disrupts the movement of calcium through calcium channels, causing vasodilation.

²Activates guanyl cyclase and increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate causing vasodilation;

³Inhibits coagulation, preventing thrombus formation.